Ap Human Geo Unit 3

Culture

shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

Global Culture

popular or modern culture that spreads quickly over large areas.

Local Culture

folk culture of small, homogenous, isolated, and slow-changing rural groups.

Cultural traits

individual elements like food preferences, architecture, and land use.

custom

practice routinely followed by a group of people.

habit

repetitive act performed by a particular individual.

cultural complex

group of traits defining a specific culture.

Cultural hearth

area where a unique culture or trait develops.

Taboo

behavior heavily discouraged by a culture.

sense of place

inhabitants' ties and ownership feeling toward their area.

Cultural regions

areas where groups share similar cultural traits (formal, functional, perceptual).

cultural landscape

visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

centrifugal force

force that tears a nation apart.

centripetal force

force that binds a nation together.

Ethnic enclaves

clusters of people of the same culture surrounded by a dominant culture.

Cultural realms

larger areas including several regions sharing basic traits.

Space-time compression

increasing connectivity bringing people closer despite distance.

Globalization

intensified interaction among people and countries globally.

cultural convergence

tendency for cultures to become more alike through shared technology.

cultural divergence

tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar over time.

Diffusion

spreading of information, ideas, and behaviors over wider areas.

Relocation diffusion

spread of cultural traits through migration.

Expansion Diffusion

spread of traits through direct or indirect exchange without migration.

Contagious Diffusion

continuous outward spread of traits through contact.

Hierarchical Diffusion

spread outward from interconnected or important centers.

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

spread of a trait from a lower class to a higher class.

Stimulus Diffusion

adoption of an underlying idea with modification due to rejected traits.

Acculturation

adopting values of a receiving group while maintaining major native elements.

Assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.

Multiculturalism

coexistence of several cultures in one society with equal value.

Nativist

anti-immigrant sentiment.

cultural relativism

belief that moral behavior varies across cultures and situations.

Ethnocentrism

evaluating other cultures by the standards of one's own culture.

sequential occupancy

successive societies leaving cultural imprints on a place.

language family

collection of languages related through a common ancestor.

Institutional language

language used in education, work, media, and government.

official language

language adopted for government business and publications.

literary tradition

language that is written as well as spoken.

Developing language

language spoken daily with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed.

vigorous language

language spoken daily but lacking a literary tradition.

extinct language

language no longer used in daily activities.

lingua franca

common language adopted between speakers of different native tongues.

creolization

cultural process where foreign influences integrate with local meanings.

Colonialism

establishing settlements and imposing principles in another territory.

imperialism

domination of one country's political, economic, or cultural life by another.

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Indo-European

major language family of Europe, Iran, and the Indian subcontinent.

Sino-Tibetan

language family spreading through Southeast Asia and China.

linguistic fragmentation

condition where many languages are spoken by small numbers of people.

pidgin

simplified speech form used for communication between different groups.