AP Human Geography Unit 2 Vocabulary Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key population and migration concepts for Unit 2 of AP Human Geography based on the lecture review.

Population Distribution

The spread of people across a geographic area.

Dispersed Population

A population distribution pattern where people, buildings, or other features are spread out or scattered over a wider geographic area instead of being clustered together.

Clustered Population

A population distribution pattern where people, buildings, or features in a place are concentrated in a specific area or region with little to no space between them.

Population Density

The number of people in an area, focusing on the total count rather than the spatial spread.

Arithmetic Density

A metric showing how crowded an area is, calculated by dividing the total number of individuals living in an area by the total land area.

Physiological Density

A metric measuring the pressure a population exerts on the environment to feed itself, calculated by dividing the total number of people by the total amount of arable land.

Arable Land

Land that is capable of producing food crops.

Agricultural Density

A metric showing the efficiency of agricultural production and reliance on human labor versus technology, calculated by dividing the number of farmers in an area by the total amount of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can support without damaging it.

Population Composition

The demographic characteristics of a population, including age, gender, ethnicity, educational attainment, income, and occupation.

Population Pyramid

A demographic tool displaying age ranges (cohorts) on the y-axis, population size or percentage on the x-axis, and dividing data between males and females.

Pre-Reproductive Years

The age cohort consisting of individuals who are between the ages of 0 and 14.

Reproductive Years

The age cohort consisting of individuals who are between the ages of 15 and 44.

Post-Reproductive Years

The age cohort consisting of individuals who are 45 years of age and above.

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population, calculated by dividing the number of male births by female births and multiplying by 100.

Dependency Ratio

A measure of the burden placed on the working population, calculated by taking the number of children aged 0 to 14 plus people 65 years and older, dividing by the working age population, and multiplying by 100.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population within a given year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population within a given year.

Rate of Natural Increase (NIR)

The percentage rate by which a population changes in a given year due to births and deaths (CBR minus CDR), without accounting for migration.

Doubling Time

The amount of time required for a population to double in size.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime, with 2.1 considered the replacement rate.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a year.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A condition occurring in Stage 4 of the DTM when the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate are essentially the same, causing the NIR to be zero.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

A model that focuses on the primary causes of death for each stage of the demographic transition.

Malthusian Theory

The theory proposed by Thomas Malthus stating that population grows exponentially while food production increases arithmetically, leading to a malthusian catastrophe.

Neo-Malthusians

Theorists who expanded on Malthus's idea to argue that the world's finite supply of all natural resources will deplete as population continues to grow.

Pronatalist Policies

Government policies designed to encourage people to have more children and larger families, typically implemented in countries with low or negative NIR.

Anti-Natalist Policies

Government policies that seek to reduce the number of births in a society, implemented in countries with a high NIR.

Maternal Mortality Rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A series of geographic observations stating that most migration occurs for economic reasons, over short distances, in steps, from rural to urban areas, and is primarily undertaken by young adults.

Gravity Model

A geographic model predicting that migration flows between locations are influenced by their population size and the distance between origin and destination.

Push Factors

Negative conditions, events, or factors that motivate people to leave their current geographic location.

Pull Factors

Positive conditions, events, or factors that attract people to a particular geographic location.

Emigration

The act of moving out of a place or country.

Immigration

The act of moving into a new place or country.

Intervening Obstacle

A negative situation or event, such as running out of money or immigration restrictions, that hinders migration and prevents migrants from reaching their final destination.

Intervening Opportunity

A positive situation or event, such as a local job offer, that hinders original migration plans and stops migrants from reaching their initial final destination.

Forced Migration

Relocation in which the migrant has no choice but to migrate due to factors like war, human trafficking, political oppression, or natural disaster.

Refugee

A migrant who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international border to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

An individual forced to flee their home to protect themselves and their family who has not crossed an internationally recognized state boundary.

Voluntary Migration

Movement occurring because people choose to leave their current location on their own free will.

Transnational Migration

Pattern of migration where people leave their country of origin to reside in a different state while typically maintaining ties to their home country.

Chain Migration

A process connected to family reunification policy in which legal immigrants who have become naturalized citizens sponsor family members to immigrate to the country.

Step Migration

Migration occurring in stages where migrants make stops at different intermediate locations before reaching their final destination.

Guest Workers

Migrants who temporarily move to a new country for employment or educational opportunities.

Remittances

Money sent back by guest workers or migrants to their home country.

Transhumance Migration

A cyclical movement pattern revolving around the seasonal movement of livestock between highland areas in summer months and lowland areas in winter months.

Intra-Regional Migration

The movement of people within a single geographic region, such as moving from an urban area to a suburban area.

Inter-Regional Migration

The movement of people from one geographic region to another, such as moving from the Midwest to the Southeast of the United States.

Brain Drain

The phenomenon occurring when skilled labor and educated individuals leave a geographic area in favor of another area offering more opportunity.