Middle School Mathematics Praxis 5164

Numbers

the basic building blocks of mathematics.

integer

any positive or negative whole number, including 0. Integers do not invlude fractions, decimals, or mixed numbers

Prime Number

any whole number greater than 1 that has only two factors, itself and 1; that is, a number that can be divided evenly only by 1 and itself

Composite Number

any whole number greater than 1 that has more than two different factors; in other words, any whole number that is not a prime number

Even number

any integer that can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder

odd number

any integer that cannot be divided evenly by 2

Decimal (Base-10 System) (Hindu-Arabic)

a number system that uses ten different digits; we have 10 fingers

Decimal number

any number that uses a decimal point to show that part of the number that is less than 1

Decimal point

a symbol ued to seperate the ones place from the tenths place in decimals or dollars from cents in currency

Decimal place

the position of a number to the right of the decimal point

Rational numbers

all integers, decimals, and fractions. any terminating or repeating decimal number is a rational number

irrational numbers

cannot be written as fractionsor decimals because the umber of decimal places is infinite and there is not recurring pattern of digits within the number.

Real number

are a set of all rational and irrational numbers

Place value

in the decimal or base-10 system, each digit of a nuber represents how many of the corresponding place value - a specific factor of 10 - are contained in the number being represented.

Written numbers

The number 4,546.09 can be represented as:
4: thousands
5: hundreds
4: tens
6: ones
0: tenths
9: hundrendths
it can be read as four thousand five hundred forty-six and nine hundrendths.

Number lines and their use

a number line is a graph to see the distance between numbers; shows the relationship between numbers. can show numbers left and right of 0

absolute value

the distance away from 0 a number is on the number line

mathematical expressions

a combination of values and operations

operation

a mathematical process that takes some value(s) is input(s) and produces an output.

addition

increases the value of one quantity by the value of another quantity to get the sum
both integers in this problem are called addends

subtraction

decreases the value of one quantity (minuend) by the value of another quantity (subtrahend)

multiplication

repeated addition. one number (multiplier) indicates how many times to add the other number (multiplicand) to itself.
# of groups x size of groups

division

one number (divisor) tells us how many parts to divide the other number (dividend) into. the result is called the quotient

parenthesis

used to designae which operates should be done first when there are multiple operations

exponent

indicates how many times the base number it to be multiplied by itself

root, or square root

another way of writing a fractional exponent, uses the radical symbol (√) to indicate the operation.