All year 9 exam flashcards 2026

values

important and lasting beliefs or ideals that have a major influence on a persons behaviour and attitude.

viewpoint

a viewpoint (or perspective/ opinion) is what someone thinks about a particular situation and is guided by our values.

culture

the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and traditions that a group of people have.

tangata whenua

translates to ´people of the land´ and has a special meaning in NZ. it acknowledges maori as the native people who have rights and a relationship to the land.

assimilation

absorbing or integrating cultures into the dominant culture.

integration

the intermixing of people who were previously segregated.

segregation

the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.

biculturalism

2 or more cultures that mix.

society

the community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organisations.

prejudice

having an opinion about someone and judging them before you know them.

discrimination

treating someone unfairly because of things like their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.

stereotype

a fixed belief about a particular group of people

migration

the movement of people from one place to another, often to live there permanently or for a long time.

immigration

when people leave their own country to live in another.

emigration

when people leave their own country to live in another.

child labour

forcing children to do harsh work and exploiting them. this can be in many industries and affect the children in many forms such as emotionally, physically, socially, or just depriving them from the basic right of an education.

community

a group of people who live in the same area or share common interests.

developed nations

countries with strong economies, high standards of living, and advanced technology. these countries are generally wealthier and have good infrastructure.

developing countries

countries with less developed economies, lower standards of living, and limited access to things like education and healthcare. these countries often are working towards improving infrastructure and people´s quality of life.

colonisation

when people take over a place and become more powerful than the native people.

resource management

the process of planning, preparing, and managing resources in the most efficient way possible.

sustainability

living in a way that meets our needs today without harming the ability of future generations to meet their own needs too.

environment

everything around us like the air we breathe, lakes and forests, and towns and farms.

globalisation

the way that countries and people around the world are becoming more connected through trade, technology, travel, and communication.

citizenship

living in a community and having the responsibilities and rights that come with that.

enterprise

the ability to think creatively and take risks to achieve a goal.

Punctuation rule 1 - Apostrophe contractions

Apostrophes used for contractions- use an apostrophe to replace missing letters. Example: Do not = don´t.

Punctuation rule 2 - Apostrophe singular possession

Apostrophe for singular possession - add ´´s´ to a singular noun to show that it owns something. Example: The teacher´s desk was covered in papers.

Punctuation rule 3 - Apostrophe plural possession

Apostrophe for plural possession - if a word ends in ¨s¨, just add the apostrophe after the s. Example: Both of my brothers´ rooms are messy.

Punctuation rule 4 - Apostrophe irregular plurals

Irregular plurals - words like ¨men¨ or ¨children¨ don´t end in ¨s¨ in their plural form, so they need a ´s. Example: The children´s toys were left in the park.

Punctuation rule 5 - Apostrophe joint ownership

Apostrophe for joint ownership - if two people own one thing, only the last person gets the apostrophe. Example: Tim and Jane´s house is blue. But if Tim and Jane both have blue houses then Tim´s and Jane´s houses are blue.

Punctuation rule 6 - Apostrophe whose and who´s

Whose vs who´s - Who´s means who is and whose shows ownership. Example: Who´s phone is ringing in the hallway?

What is an apostrophe only used for?

possessions or contractions.

Punctuation rule 7 - Apostrophe contraction overload

Contraction overload - Don´t confuse could´ve with could of. Example: I should´ve gone to the store yesterday.

Punctuation rule 8 - comma lists

The list rule - use commas to separate three or more items in a list. Example: 4 things I would bring to a deserted island are: a boat, a torch, some food, and fresh water.

Punctuation rule 9 - comma introductory phrases

Introductory phrases - use a comma after a phrase that starts a sentence. Example: After the game, we went out for pizza.

Punctuation rule 10 - comma interrupters

Interrupters - use a comma to set off words that interrupt the flow. Example: The pizza, however, was cold by the time it arrived.

Punctuation rule 11 - comma renaming noun

Renaming noun - use commas to set off a noun that renames another noun. Example: Mr. Smith, my science teacher, loves coffee.

Solute

the substance or ingredient put into/ dissolved into the solvent.

Solution

the outcome mixture of the solvent and solute.

Solvent

the substance that you put the solute into before it becomes a solution.

Soluble

when the substance/ solute CAN dissolve into the solvent.

Insoluble

when the substance/ solute CANNOT dissolve into the solvent.

concentration

the amount of solute in the quantity of solvent/ solution - how densely packed it is.

variables

thing that can change or be measured during an experiment.

independent variables

something WE change during the experiment to change the outcome.

dependent variables

something we measure or observe during an experiment - data we collect.

control variables

things we MUST keep the same in each experiment otherwise they might affect the results.

accuracy

how close OUR measurements are to the actual measurements.

precision

how close your measurements are to EACH OTHER when taking the SAME measurement.

reliability

how much you can TRUST your measurements and whether they show exactly what happened.

element

when all of the matter is made of the same atoms - elements on the periodic table e.g. hydrogen is completely hydrogen.

compound

when 2 or more elements are bonded together.

mixture

a material containing two or more elements or compounds that are in close contact or mixed.

dissolve

when particles hide in a solution/ liquid. eg. salt (sodium chloride) dissolving in water.

distillation

separating two things from a liquid mixture by using their different boiling points to pull them apart.

condensation

when the particles turn from a gas to a liquid. often happens when water vapour bounces of the lid of a pan and creates dew because it cant escape.

evaporation

when particles go from a liquid to a gas - gaining energy.

concentration

how much of something there is in a mixture - how densely packed it is.

saturation

when there is not any more possible space for the solute to fit into.

filtration

separation technique - only allowing some particles to pass through to another container. think of filter paper or sieves.

magnetic separation

using a magnet to attract certain materials - separating. this only works when one material is attracted to magnets.

Dilution

the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually by mixing with more solvent. (like water and blue food colouring experiment.

map convention - K

Key (use a key with symbols to convey important information).

map convention - F

Frame (use a ruler to draw a plain line border around the whole map).

map convention - C

Colour (use colour to differentiate between land/sea or different areas).

map convention - S

Scale (put a scale in bottom right corner to say how small this map is compared to life size scale. Can be measurement or cm=km).

map convention - A

Arrow (North)(draw a small north arrow in the top left corner).

map convention - L

Labels (labels for the locations shown on your map).

map convention - T

Title (map showing … location, year, etc).

Timeline convention - S

Scale.

Timeline convention - I

Intervals.

Timeline convention - L

Labels.

Timeline convention - T

Title.

Timeline convention - Y

Years.

Timeline rules

Use a ruler. Even intervals between years (e.g. 1 year 1 cm the whole way along). Label the axis line (years). A sensible title (timeline of…. from year-year). Draw a bracket for multiple years. Draw a line out if there are to many dates. Dates on left hand side, information on the right hand side.

What is a prefix?

A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word to change its meaning or form a new word. Examples include: unhappy, disagree, and impossible.

What is a suffix?

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word to change its meaning or tense (past, present or future). Some examples include: beautiful, hopeless, and quickly.

What metric units are 1,000 times larger than the measure units? list all of them.

kilometre, kilogram,kilolitre.

What metric units are 1,000,000 times larger than the measure units? list all of them.

Tonne and Megalitre.

What metric units are 1,000 times smaller than the measure units? list all of them.

Millimetre, milligram, and millilitre.

What metric units are 100 times smaller than the measure units? list all of them.

centimetre.

What is the order of the units on the metric conversions table? list from smallest to largest.

Milli-,centi-, measure, kilo-, mega-.

Explain the terms used when a gas goes to a liquid and then to a solid.

gas- liquid =condensation or condensing. Liquid -solid = solidifying or freezing. Gas - solid = deposition.

Explain the terms used when a solid goes to a liquid and a liquid goes to a gas.

Solid - liquid = melting. Liquid -gas = evaporation. Solid- Gas = sublimation.

List the 3 behaviours of matter and a short description.

Radiation: heat transfer between object that are not in contact with each other - heat travels through waves.

Convection: heat transfer due to a change of density of particles as particles rise and fall due to the change of heat.

Conduction; heat transfer when particles vibrate more and transfer heat to one another - chain reaction.

What is MRSCGREN ?

Movement

Reproduction

Sensitivity

Cells

Growth

Resperation (breathe)

Excretion (get rid of waste)

Nutrition

Parts of a flower.

Pollen (dust like grains that contain male cells).

Anther (where pollen is made and stored in pollen sacs).

Filament (the slender stalk that supports the anther).

Sepal (acts as a case to protect the flower bud before it opens).

Stigma (female part that recieves the pollen from another flower).

Style (the stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary).

Ovary (contains the ovules in the female part of the plant).

Ovule/seed (contains female cells and develops into a seed after fertilisation).

What is transpiration?

Transpiration is the loss of water via vapour from plants primarily through the leaves - mainly through the stomata. The plants absorb water from the soil through their root hairs. Water travels up the xylem from the roots into the leaves of the plant to replace the water that has been lost due to transpiration. If the guard cells have enough turgor pressure then they open and allow water to be transpired.

What is pollenation?

Pollenation is the process of moving pollen from the male part of one plant to the female part of another plant.

What is fertilisation?

Fertilisation is when the pollen and the egg fuse together to make a seed.

What types of seed dispersal are there?

Wind - light seed can be carried by the wind or helicopter style seeds fly away.

Animals - eaten and then deposited, or hitch a ride via hooks.

Water - travel/float in water to disperse away from parent plant.

What are waves?

Waves are vibrations that transfer energy. Both light and sound travel in waves.

What are transverse waves?

Transverse waves move up and down at 90 degrees to the direction the wave is travelling.

What are longitudinal waves?

Longitudinal waves vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is travelling (passing energy along).

What is the amplitude of a wave?

The amplitude is the height from the centre line. the higher the amplitude, the louder the sound.

What is the wavelength of a wave?

The wavelength is the measurement from one crest to the next or one trough to the next. The longer the wavelength, the lower the pitch.

What is the Frequency of a wave?

The frequency is how many wavelengths there are in a space. The more wavelengths the higher the frequency. The higher the frequency the higher the pitch.

What are crests and troughs?

The crest is the highest points on the wave, and the troughs are the lowest points on the wave.

What is sound?

Sound is made when an object vibrates. Sound energy from the vibrating object is transferred from particle to particle. Sound must have matter to travel through. Sound travels faster through solids because particles are closer together.