Evaluative Dentistry: Study Designs 낱말 카드

What are the two classifications of study designs?

Observational and Experimental

What distinguishes observational studies from experimental studies?

Observational studies do not intervene, while experimental studies manipulate exposure.

What are types of observational studies?

Cohort, Case-control, and Cross-sectional

What is a cohort study?

A study where subjects are selected based on their exposure status and followed over time

What are the two types of cohort studies?

Prospective and Retrospective

Cohort studies maintain _________ sequence.

Temporal

Cohort studies maintain temporal sequence which assesses exposure before or after outcome?

Before

What are cohort studies good for assessing?

Rare exposures and rapidly fatal diseases

Cohort studies can study multiple or a single disease/outcome from an exposure?

Multiple

Cohort studies can calculate what among the exposed and unexposed?

Incidence

Cohort studies can ________ in ascertainment of exposure (at least if prospective).

Minimize error

Cohort studies provide complete description of experience after exposure including ____________ of disease.

Rate of progression and natural history

Are cohort studies inexpensive or expensive?

Expensive

A disadvantage of cohort studies is that they are inefficient for _______ diseases.

Rare

Selection of _______ group in cohort studies depends on: research quesiton, ability to collect exposure and disease information, and how common/rare the exposure is.

Exposed

Selection of _______ group in cohort studies depends on: exposure factor, appropriate selection and investigation methods to avoid bias and confounding.

Unexposed

What is the purpose of case-control studies?

To compare diseased individuals (cases) to non-diseased individuals (controls) based on past exposure

Case control studies should have cases and controls be different only on their __________.

Past exposure

What is a key advantage of case-control studies?

They are efficient for studying rare diseases

What is a disadvantage of case-control studies?

They cannot directly compute incidence of disease in exposed and non-exposed persons and are not optimal for rare exposures.

What is a cross-sectional study?

A study design that selects subjects without regard to exposure or disease status, providing a snapshot at one point in time

What are major advantages of cross-sectional studies?

Exposure and disease are assessed at the individual level. Sampling and analytical methods provide for statistically valid inference to populations.

What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional studies?

Temporality cannot be assessed

What are two types of experimental studies?

Randomized clinical trial and community intervention trials

What are Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT)?

Experimental studies where treatment is randomly assigned to minimize confounding

What is the purpose of randomization in RCTs?

To minimize confounding by creating groups that are not influenced by any factors other than chance

What is blinding in the context of RCTs?

A method where the investigator and/or participant do not know the treatment assignment to reduce bias

What is the difference between single-blinded and double-blinded studies?

In single-blinded, only the participant is unaware of the treatment; in double-blinded, neither the participant nor the investigator knows

What is the purpose of blinding in studies?

To remove bias or systematic error in the study results

What is information bias?

Drawing different conclusions depending on their knowledge of which study arm participant is in

What is selection bias?

Study recruiters can be eager to recruit sick persons into experimental arm

What is a systematic review?

A comprehensive summary of the literature on a specific topic

What is a meta-analysis?

A combined analysis of data from different studies following strict guidelines

What is the Cochrane Collaboration?

An organization that conducts systematic reviews and meta-analyses in health care