AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review: Population Distribution, Dynamics, Composition, DTM, and Malthusian Theory

Comprehensive set of study flashcards covering AP Human Geography topics on population patterns, measures of fertility and mortality, age-sex structures, demographic models, and Malthusian theory.

What proportion of the global human population lives in the Northern Hemisphere versus the Southern Hemisphere?

Approximately $6.8\,billion$ people live in the Northern Hemisphere, while only about $800\,million$ live in the Southern Hemisphere.

Within what distance from an ocean do two out of every three people on Earth live?

Two out of every three people on Earth live within $310\,miles$ ($500\,km$) of an ocean.

What is the geographic term for the portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement?

The ecumene.

What are the four major global population clusters?

South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.

How do demographers distinguish between a megacity and a metacity?

A megacity is an urban area with more than $10\,million$ residents, whereas a metacity contains more than $20\,million$ residents.

Where was the mean center of the U.S. population located according to the 2010 census?

Near the town of Plato, Missouri.

How is arithmetic (crude) population density calculated?

By dividing the total population of a country or place by its total land area.

How is physiological population density calculated, and what does it measure?

It is calculated by dividing total population by the amount of arable land, measuring the pressure population exerts on agricultural land.

How is agricultural density calculated?

By dividing a country's total farm population by the total area of its arable land.

How is the total dependency ratio calculated?

By dividing the number of dependents (people under $15\,years$ and over $64\,years$) by the working-age population (ages $15\text{--}64\,years$) and multiplying by $100$.

What are the five recognized social generational cohorts in the United States detailed in the text?

The GI Generation (born before $1924$), the Silent Generation ($1924\text{--}1945$), Baby Boomers ($1946\text{--}1964$), Generation X ($1965\text{--}1980$), and Millennials or Generation Y ($1981\text{--}2000$).

What term refers to a cultural phenomenon in which a society demonstrates a marked preference for male children?

Androcentrism.

What was China's recorded sex ratio at birth in 2004?

$121.2\,boys$ for every $100\,girls$.

What unique demographic profiles are reflected in the population pyramids of Sun City, Arizona and Lawrence, Kansas?

Sun City shows an extreme bulge in elderly cohorts ($55\,years$ and older), while Lawrence displays a prominent bulge in college-age cohorts ($15\text{--}24\,years$).

What is the basic demographic equation used to calculate total population at the end of a period?

$\text{End Population} = \text{Beginning Population} + \text{Total Births} + \text{Total In-migrants} - \text{Total Deaths} - \text{Total Out-migrants}$.

Who was designated by the United Nations as the symbolic 7 billionth person on Earth on October 30, 2011?

Danica Camacho, a baby girl born in Manila, Philippines.

How is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR) calculated?

By dividing the total number of live births in a year by the total mid-year population and multiplying by $1000$.

What is replacement level fertility?

A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of $2.1$, which is the average number of children needed per woman to replace both parents and stabilize the population over time.

What does the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) measure?

The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per $1000\,live\,births$.

How is population doubling time calculated using the Rule of 70?

By dividing $70$ by the country's Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) expressed as a percentage.

Who formulated the classic Demographic Transition Model in 1945 based on earlier work by Warren Thompson?

Frank Notestein.

What defines Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

Natural decrease, where the total fertility rate drops persistently below replacement level and crude death rates exceed crude birth rates.

Which government policy accelerated China's progression to Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model before full industrialization?

The "one couple, one child" policy introduced in 1979.

Who proposed the Epidemiological Transition Theory, and what are its original three phases?

Abdel Omran proposed it; the phases are (1) the age of pestilence and famine, (2) the age of receding pandemics, and (3) the age of degenerative and human-made diseases.

According to Thomas Malthus, at what mathematical rates do population and food supply grow?

Population grows geometrically or exponentially (e.g., $2, 4, 8, 16$), whereas food supply grows arithmetically (e.g., $2, 3, 4, 5$).

What is the difference between positive checks and preventive checks in Malthusian theory?

Positive checks increase mortality through famine, disease, and war; preventive (negative) checks lower birth rates through moral restraint, delayed marriage, celibacy, or contraception.

Which Neo-Malthusian author wrote the 1968 book 'The Population Bomb'?

Paul R. Ehrlich.

What is the Boserup effect?

The increase in food production resulting from the adoption and invention of new farming techniques driven by population growth pressure.

What concept did cornucopian Julian Simon promote in his 1981 book 'The Ultimate Resource'?

He argued that human beings are the "ultimate resource" whose brainpower and innovation overcome resource scarcity caused by population growth.