Psych chp 0

Structuralist

break down parts of brain (mental)

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of Psychololgy

Edward Tichner (Student)

Introspection (Look inward)

Functionalist

behavior

William James

first psychology textbook

Principles of psychology

book based on behavior

Imperialism

Study of stuff u can see

Psychology

Study of behavior and mental process

Psycho dynamic perspective

we behave due to unconscious thoughts

Sigmund Freud

Psycho dynamic prospective 1900s

Behaviorist Approach

we behave due to our environment

John Watson

Behaviorist approach 1920s

Humanistic Approach

We behave because we want to reach our full potential

Carl Rogers

Humanist Approach 1960s

Cognitive Perspective

We behave due to mental process (pros and cons)

Jean Piaget

Cognitive Perspective 1960s

Sociocultural Perspective

Behave due to the group that influences us

Biological Perspective

Behave due to changes inside our body

Evolutionary Perspective

Behave in order to survive

Biopsychosocial

Combination of all approaches

biological, evolutionary

bio-

psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic

-psycho-

behavioral, sociocultural

-social

culture

shared values, beliefs, behaviors by a group of people

cultural norms

unwritten rules

western

individualism

eastern

collectivism

cultural expectations

job, marriage, expressing emotions, education

cultural situations

socioeconomic, politics, religion

Cognitive bias

errors in our thinking towards other people and situations

prejudice, discrimination, stereotypes

problems of culture

Confirmation bias

ignore bad

overconfidence bias

assuming you are smarter or more ethical than the average person

hindsight bias

“oh I alr knew that“

Stanford prison experiment

confirmation bias

research

to gather information to better understand behavior & mental processes

everything stays the same except the independent variable

How do you make a good experiment?

independent variable

what the experimenter changes

random assignment

experimental group and control group

experiment

cause and effect

Non-experimental

no cause and effect

correlation studies

compare 2 or more things together

positive correlation

(up, up) (down, down)

negative correlation

(up, down) (down, up)

no correlation

no pattern

Meta Analysis

Look at lots of research to answer your question

naturalistic observation

watch in secret (not involved)

Case Study

in depth study of someone or something that is very rare/unique

confounding variables

unexpected things that occur

experimenter bias, self fulfilling prophesy, confirmation bias

what ruins experiments?

experimenter bias

experimenter rigs the experiment

self fufilling prophesy

when someone truly believes they are 100% right

hypothesis

prediction

hypotheses

what eliminates hindsight bias?

operational definition

statement on what we are measuring and how we are measuring it

experimental group

the group that gets the independent variable

Control group

group that compares normal/changes and has no independent variable

hypothesis, operational definition

what two elements from the elements of an experiment help people replicate an experiment?

random sample

reduces sampling bias

representative sample

matches the population

random sample is

what sampling for experiment is generalizable

convenience sample

problem: sampling bias

split random sample into random groups

what does random assignment do?

single blind experiment

experimenter: aware, participant: unaware

double blind experiment

experimenter: unaware participant: unaware

double blind experiment

what reduces experimenter bias?

Qualitative experiment

survey/interview with no numbers

Quantitative experiment

likert scale with numbers

subjective

qualitative

objective

quantitative

Institutional review board (IRB)

reviews an experiment to determine if the proposal is ethical or if it poses risks

Ethics Guidelines

What did the American Psychological Association (APA) create?

Informed Consent

People are informed of risks and have a free choice on participating in the experiment

Informed Asset

minors get signed up for experiment

Consent by Proxy

family signs for people that cannot

Minimizing harm

Researchers cannot have experiments that cause physical or psychological harm to participant

Confidentiality & Anonymity

Confidentiality to protect private info on the participant (cannot share info without permission)

it prevents experimenter bias

What does Confidentiality & Anonymity prevent?

Deception

Misleading participants about nature of experiment & methodology

Debriefing

What needs to happen at the end of every experiment?

it its needed to reach results

When can you use deception in an experiment?

Risk factors and falsify results

When can you not use deception in an experiment?

Animal Research

Using animals for gathering info that helps understand human behavior

Animal Case & Use Committe

weighs risks against research benefits

CARE

advocates on ethics

only if it benefits society

Can we harm animals in an experiment?

positives of correlational study

shows patterns

negatives of correlation study

does not show cause/effect

“Correlation is not causation”

“A causes B to go up“ (not true)

problem: directionality (correlational study)

does not know which causes which to go up/down

problem: 3rd variable (correlational study)

another variable might effect the others instead of A affecting B

correlation coefficient/r-value

number that shows how strong/weak a pattern is

Strongest correlation coefficient

-1.0, 1.0

Positive of meta analysis

lots of info

Negatives of meta analysis

different operational definition for various students (cant generate well)

Positives of naturalistic observation

true behavior

negatives of naturalistic observation

misinterpret what you see

positives of case study

get lots of info

negatives of case study

cannot generalize to other people or other situations

Descriptive statistics

no cause and effect