Human Bio Exam 1

Human Biology

The study of contemporary human biological variation

Anthropology

human knowledge

Scientific Method

Observation,Hypothesis formation,Hypothesis testing,Theory development

Hypothesis

Null hypothesis

Primary literature

Peer-reviewed research articles (a.k.a. scientific

reports) that present the results of a study

◦ Peer-reviewed = read and critiqued by other

scientists in the fie

Secondary literature

Describes, analyzes, and/or interprets primary

literature

◦ Ex: review articles, textbook chapters, edited

volumes

◦ Often used as a learning resource for students and

other scientists

◦ Typically still peer-reviewed

Main messages of article “The
Forgotten Father of
Epigenetics”

Genetics

Gene, variation and heredity

Epigenetics

Stable alterations in gene expression during development

Prokaryote

Lack nuclei and dna found in cytoplasm

Uni cellular, lacks most organelles

Bacteria, no membrane, DNA stored in nucleio

Ribsomes

Eukaryote

Contains nuclei and DNA is in the nucleus

Nucelous, membrane bound, uni or multi cellular, nucleus, ribosomes snd mitrochondria

Organelle

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Has its on mdna in maternal line

Ribosome

Somatic Cell

All body cells

–Direct cell activity

–Diploid

•Human somatic cells

   contain 46 chromosomes

• Diploid

46 chromosomes or a full set/ pair

• Homologous pair

Pair of chromosomes that have the same set of genes in the same order

• DNA

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Cytosine (C) ≡ Guanine (G)

Thymine (T) ≡ Adenine (A)

Codes for proteins

• Nucleotides

Cytosine (C) ≡ Guanine (G)

Thymine (T) ≡ Adenine (A)

• Adenine

Binds to T

• Thymine

Binds to A

• Guanine

Binds to C

• Cytosine

Binds to G

• Gene

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein

• Transcription

DNA is used as template to create messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Translation

Uses mRNA as a template to create a sequence of amino acids

◦Transfer RNA (tRNA) assists in the assembly of proteins

• Random assortment

Random way homologous pairs line up during first stage of cell division in meiosis

• Recombination (crossing over)

Dna is broken and recombined to create new combinations of alleles in meiosis

• Sexual reproduction

As

Haploid

RNA

• mRNA

• tRNA

• Uracil vs. thymine

• Ribosome

• protein

• General process of DNA replication

• Mitosis

• Meiosis

• Mutation

Allele

• Complex trait vs. simple trait

• Genotype

• Dominance

• Recessive

• Homozygous

• Heterozygous

• Punnett Square

• ABO blood groups

• Codominance

• Human Genome Project

• Pedigree chart

• Autosome

• Sex chromosome

• Sex (and why it’s a

complex trait)

• Gender

• Gonads

• Sex steroid

• DSD