music s1

what is required for music to exist

a time frame, sound waves, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret those waves

what a common but not required factor of music

a person (composer) who first imagines the music, human or mechanical performers to generate sounds, and a mechanical means of recording and reproducing them

sometimes composition and performance happen simueltaneously, often

as improvisation but sometimes via electronic composition

some degree of that is nesseccary for music to exist

human intention and perception

sound is described as

a wave of energy

sound waves have both

amplitude and frequency

amplitude affect

decibel level (how loud or soft a tone is)

frequency affect

pitch

what is pitch

highness or lowness of a sound

human ears hear what frequencies as a single sustained tone

20-20000 cycles per second

a pure sine wave

440Hz

Hz means

hertz/ cycles per second

a pure sine wave sounds like

an A above middle C

US orchestral musicians tune to

A-440

two kinds of musical sounds

pitched and non pitched

scholars who study music of other cultures, or multiple cultures comparatively

ethnomusicologist

curt sachs and Erich von hornbostel were

ethnomusicologist

sachs and hornbostel separated instruments into how many groups

4

what 4 groups did sachs and hornbostel create for instrument s

chordophones, aerophones, membranophones, idiophones

what part of a membranophone vibrates

the material stretched over the frame (NOT THE FRAME)

timpanis are prominent at the start of which selection

march to the scaffold from Symphonie Fantastique (11)

what are timpanis

membranophones with a copper colored kettle

cymbals are prominent in parts of which selection

the Padstow lifeboat (5)

why are cymbals used in Padstow life boat

to simulate stormy seas

what 5th category was later added to the sachs hornbostel groups

electrohpnes

electrophorus create sound waves using

a mechanical device called an oscillator

what selection uses electrophorus

daisy bell (1)

Leon theremin life span

1896-1993

before hornbostel and sachs, western orchestral instruments were grouped into

families

western instrument family names

strings, brass, woodwind, percussion, keyboard

what instruments introduce the first theme in march to the scaffold

cellos and double basses

how are brass instruments sounded

the performers buzzing lips, which makes the air column vibrate

French horns are prominent in

Star Trek (main title) and The Padstow lifeboat

in Padstow lifeboat, what do the French horns mimic

fog horns

woodwinds are aerophones in which the column of air is moved by

breath alone

reeds are used in

woodwinds

reeds are susually made of

wood

what instruments play the A theme in take the a train

saxophones

waht family do saxophones belong to

woodwind

percussion instruments include memebanophones, idiophones, and

some chordophones that are struck rather than bowed or plucked

a piano is a featured insturemtn at the Start of

take the a train

a piano is an accompanying instrument in

wanderlied and Charlie Rutledge

when did the first electronic instruments begin to appear

the first decades of the twentieth century

when using a thermin, the user is distorting

frequency and amplitude

important step of electronic instrument came at the end of

ww2

musique concrete was first practiced in

paris

cities that had famous postwar centers for electronic music

rome, paris, cologne, and New York

a single isolated musical sound has how properties

4

what properties does a single isolated musical sound have

pitch, duration, volume, and timbre

when musicians refer to “a pitch” they are referring to

a single tone whose highness or lowness does not change (steady oscillating wave)

a string on a guitar

A-110

G clef or treble clef

F clef or bass clef

C clef or alto clef

c clef or tenor clef

on a piano, high sounding pitches are to the

right

on a piano, low sounding pitches are to the

left

moving from left to right on a piano is called moving

up the keyboard

moving right to left on a piano is called moving

down the keyboard

what pitch is equidistant from either end of the piano

middle c

on a piano, black keys are arrange din alternating groups of

two and three

middle class is located to the left of

the group of two black keys closest to the middle of the keyboard

where do all As on a piano lay

between the upper two black keys in the group of 3

basic intervals of any scale

half step or whole step

what is a scale

a sequence of pitches in ascending or descending order

the white keys are called the

natural keys

assignment of pitches an a staff vary depending on

the clef used

the treble clef indicated

the 2nd line from the bottom of the staff is pitch G

the bass clef indicates

the 4th line from the bottom of the staff is pitch F

a c clef centered on the middle line is read as

middle c

what practice regarding the f and G clefs has died out

moving them

a grand staff is often used in

piano notation

the left hand plays which stave of a grand staff

the lower one

the right hand plays which stave on a grand staff

the upper one

on a grand staff the upper stave is set to what clef

treble clef or G clef

on a grand staff the lower stave is set to what clef

the Bass clef to F clef

on a staff, where does the sharp o flat sign go next to a pitch

it precedes the pitch, is placed right infront os the pitch

when referring to overtones and partials, the strongest and loudest pitch is called the

fundamental

the fundemental pitch is by far the

loudest and strongest

what is the relation between the word partials and overtones

they mean the same thing

equal temperament became dominant after about

1750

equal temp. is so common it is now

assumed

tuning systems are only mentioned if they differ from

equal temperament

twelve pitches in ascending order is called a

chromatic scale

an interval between any two pitches in a chromatic scale is

a halfstep/semitone

“The little train of caipira” from bachianas brasilieras No. 2 (3) showcases descending chromatic scales just after

the train reaches the crest of the hill

black keys derive their names from

the white keys

each black key has how many names

2

in western tradition most composer choose a set of how many keys for a piece of music

7

when arranged in ascending order the 7 pitches a musician uses to compose form a

diatonic scale

most common scale

C major

what is the c major scale

C D E F G A B C

what are other names for the tonic pitch

resting tone or Do

fifth scale degree is called

dominant pitch

sometimes the dominant pitch appears

more often than the tonic pitch

melodic intervals are either

any interva

what is the major scale

w-w-h-w-w-w-h

all minor scales feature a

lowered 3rd scale degree

where are the half steps in a minor scale

between 2-3 and 5-6