Domain 1 - Development and aging

Cardiopulmonary system: changes associated with aging

changes associated with aging include:

• thickening of the inner lining of the heart

• decreased cardiac output

• changes in the elastin of the arterial walls

  • reduced lung volume

Developmental dyspraxia

neurodevelopmental disorder (also called developmental coordination disorder) characterized by clumsiness and poor coordination, motor planning deficits, learning difficulties, and perceptual deficits (visual and motor)

Down syndrome

genetic disorder associated with chromosome 21; characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability, physical developmental delay, low muscle tone, and characteristic facial features

Autism spectrum disorder

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of symtpoms, such as social dysfunction, sterotypical behavior patterns, preservative thoughts or interests, sensory processing deficits, and executive dysfunction

Musculoskeletal system: changes associated with aging

• decrease in bone density

• sarcopenia

• decline in skeletal flexibility and mobility

• joint degeneration

Nervous system: changes associated with aging

• brain atrophy

• decrease in nerve conduction velocity

• reduced ability to maintain homeostasis

• decline in cognitive processing: memory, reaction time, processing speed, and problem solving

Righting reaction

postural reflex present from approximately 3 months to 6 months of age that functions to orient the body in response to visual and vestibular input. examples include: neck on body, body on body, and body on head

protective extension

postural response present at approximately 6 months of age and continues throughout life, characterized by reflective straightening of the upper extremities in response to a loss of balance

equilibrium reaction

postural reflex present at approximately 6 months of age and continues throughout the life span. reflexive response to help maintain or recover balance, includes shifting the body to reorient to midline

emotional regulation development: neurophysiologic modulation phase

phase of emotion regulation development, occurring between birth and 2-3 months of age. characterized by ability to regulation arousal and activate organized patterns of behavior

emotional regulation development: control phase

phase of emotion regulation development, occurring between 12-18 months of age. characterized by emerging awareness of social demands, varying levels of inhibition and compliance, and self-initated monitoring related to an understanding of consequences

emotional regulation development: self-control phase

phase of emotion regulation development, occurring between 24-48 months of age. characterized by emerging sense of identity, demonstrated knowledge of social rules, and minimal flexibility and adaptation to change

primitive developmental reflexes

automatic movements performed by an infant without conscious effort in response to a stimulus, typically integrated by early childhood and are a precursor to functional movement. a persistent primitive reflex is typically indicative of a CNS dysfunction

Stage of motor learning: exploratory stage

stage of motor learning development, occurring between 1-3 months of age where the infant learns about the self and the environment using primitive movement patterns to swipe at objects, initiate reach, and complete low level skills

stage of motor learning: perceptual learning

stage of motor learning development, occurring between 3-6 months of age where the infant uses perceptual skills developed through exploration. characterized by more accurate and direct reach, consistency of movement patterns, and engagement in trial-and-error learning

Genitourinary system: changes associated with aging

• smaller bladder capacity

• bladder muscles weakens

• reduced sensation to void

• decline in urethral closure

• changes in $exual organ functioning

integumentary system: changes associated with aging

• reduced collagen and elastin

• decreased melanin production

• reduced tactile sensitivity

• changes to hair growth, color, and thickness

relational play

play occupation that uses toys consistent with their intended purpose (pretending to self-feed with a spoon)

also referred to as functional play

pretend play

play occupation that involves making objects/toys perform intended actions (pretending to use a phone to talk)

also referred to as symbolic or imaginary play

social play

play occupation that includes interaction with and emotionally relating to others and behavior and skills to develop and progress through childhood

Gross motor play

play occupation that involves full body, kinesthetic motor movements (climbing on a play structure)

constructive play

play occupation that involves using objects/toys to produce or build something (put together a puzzle)

play occupations

meaningful, intrinsically motivating, and purposeful performance activities of childhood. types include exploratory, social, relational, gross motor, pretend, and constructive play

restrictive repetitive acts

diagnostic feature of ASD that involves repetitive movements or actions, examples include: flapping arms, rocking, spinning, and banging head

Onlooker play

a type of social play behavior that occurs when a child observes another child engaging in play from a distance. opportunities should be provided for the child to observe play that is meaningful to increase engagement

stage of motor learning: skill achievement

characterized by high adaptability, both perceptual learning and increased self-organization, and using action patterns that are orderly and efficient

emotional regulation development: self-regulation phase

phase of emotional regulation development, occurring between 36 months of age and older. characterized by emerging flexibility to adapt to unexpected change, self-awareness, and capacity to evaluate own behavior