biology macromolcules test

Ionic bond

one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

covalent bond

electrons are shared between two nonmetals

hydrogen bond

A weak chemical bond formed when two molecules have a polar covalent bond

Buffer

weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH

Universal solvent

Water because of the polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutions

Four macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Monomer of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose)

Monomer of Proteins

amino acids

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

Function of carbohydrates

short term energy source

function of lipids

long term energy source

function of nucleic acids

Store and Transmit your Genetic Information

function of proteins

1. Controls the Rates of Reactions 2. Fights Diseases 3. Forms Cell Structures 4. Regulates Cell Processes 5. Transports stuff In/Out of the Cell

examples of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Protein structure

carbohydrates structure

nucleic acids structure

lipid structure

active site

where the enzyme undergoes a chemical reaction

Adaptation

a trait or change in a living thing that helps it survive and reproduce in its environment

Control Group

a standard group in an experiment that does not receive the test treatment or intervention

Control Variable

is any factor that a researcher keeps constant (the same) throughout an experiment or study

Dependent Variable

the factor you measure or test in an experiment to see how it responds to changes

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up chemical reactions or lowers the energy needed to start it, without being used up or permanently changed in the process

Dehydration Synthesis

a chemical reaction that joins two small molecules (monomers) together to build a larger molecule, releasing a water molecule as a byproduct.

Denature

means to change the natural structure, shape, or qualities of a substance—most commonly a protein, DNA strand, or alcohol

Endergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings

Enzymes

a type of protein that increases the speed of a reaction

Exergonic reaction

a chemical reaction that releases free energy into its surroundings

Homeostasis

an organism's automatic process of keeping its internal environment stable and balanced, even when conditions outside change

Hydrolysis

a chemical reaction where water is used to break down the bonds of a larger molecule into smaller parts

Independent variable

the factor in an experiment or study that you intentionally change or control to see what effect it has

Inorganic

any chemical compound or material that does not contain carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bonds, or that is not derived from living organisms

Monomer

is a small, simple molecule that can join together with other similar molecules to form a large, chain-like structure called a polymer.

monosaccharides

the simplest form of a carbohydrate, commonly called a "simple sugar," that consists of a single sugar unit which cannot be broken down into smaller sugars by hydrolysis (water-based splitting)

Phospholipids

a type of fat molecule that forms the main outer barrier, or membrane, of living cells

Polar

having two opposite ends or sides—one end with a positive electrical charge and the other with a negative electrical charge

response to stimulus

the reaction of a living organism to any change in its internal or external environment

saturated fat

a type of dietary fat that has single bonds between its carbon atoms, stays solid or semi-solid at room temperature, and is found mostly in animal products and tropical oils

substrate

a foundational surface, material, or molecule that is acted upon or lived on by something else

triglycerides

a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood that your body uses for energy

unsaturated fat

a type of dietary fat that contains one or more double bonds in its chemical structure, making it liquid at room temperature

What are the characteristics of life?

Order( organization of organs), response to a stimulant(response to the environment), Reproduction, adaptation.

Parts of an experiment

Independent variable, dependent Variable, constants and control group

What characteristics of water make it important

Universal solvent, polar, has hydrogen bonds, cohesive, high heat capaticity