Psych Cp 9

Cognition

all mental actives associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information

Metacognition

Condition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

Concept

metal grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Prototype

mental image. (affected by example)

role schema

contains a set of expectations, norms, and behaviors for how a person with a specific social role is supposed to act

Schema

a mental framework or "blueprint" that helps your brain organize and interpret information

Event schema (cognitive script)

a set routine or automatic behaviors

Algorithm

methodical, logical rule, or procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

Heuristic

simpler thinking strategy hat is usually speedier then an algorithm, but also more error-prone

Insight

an ah ha moment

_____ and ____ can stop insight

mental set and fixation

mental set

tendency to approach an issue by doing something that worked in the past

Fixation

using the same thing over and over to solve a problem

Confirmation bias

predisposes us to verify rather than challenge our hypothesis

Representativeness heuristic

judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevent information

Availability heuristic

judging the likelihood of events based on their mental availability in memory

Overconfidence

tendency to be more confident then correct; to overestimate accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Belief perseverance

occurs when we cling to beliefs and ignore evidence that proves these beliefs are wrong

Motivated reasoning

rather then using evidence to draw conclusions, conclusions are used to assess evidence

Considering opposing arguments

Redices bias

Framing

Swags decisions and judgements by how an issue is posed

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and variable ideas and is supported by the level of aptitude (the ability to learn)

Divergent thinking

expands number of possible problem solutions

convergent thinking

Narrows available problem solutions to determine single best solution

Sternbergs 5 components of creativity

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and creative environment

Language

involves spoken, written or signed words and the ways these combined rot communicate meaning

infinite generativity

the ability of human language to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences and ideas using a limited, finite set of words and grammatical rules

Phoneme

Smallest distinctive sound unit in language

Morpheme

smallest language unit that carries meaning

Grammar

system of rules that enables humans to communicate with one another

Semantics

deriving meaning from sounds

Syntax

ordering words into sentences

Pragmatic

use of language

Chomsky

argued that all languages share basic elements called universal grammar

LAD

Language acquisition device

Skinner

language is infused by environment

Recasting

Correcting (telling a child it is “I ate” instead of I eats”

Expanding

given more words

Labeling

giving a name

Babbling stage

beginning at 4 months an infants spontaneously utters various sounds.

One word stage

from age 1-2, a child speaks mostly in single words

two-word stage

beginning at about age 2 a child speaks mostly in 2 word statements

Telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram, using mostly nouns and verbs

Critical (sensitive) periods

childhood is a critical period for mastering certain aspects if language

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Broca’s area

Frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere; helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech

Wericke’s area

Brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension and expression.

Linguistic determinism

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Linguistic relativism

Language influences the way we think

Vygotsky’s view on thinking and language

argued that language plays a critical role in shaping thinking

Piaget’s view on thinking and language

relived that congivitive development drives language development