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Blood Circulatory System

Transports digested food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones throughout the body.

Heart

Pumping organ of the blood circulatory system.

Arteries

Thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Thin-walled vessels that carry blood toward the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels connecting arteries to veins and facilitating exchange.

Ventricle

Conical posterior portion of the heart with a thick wall.

Auricles

Anterior, expanded, thin-walled parts of the heart that are divided into right and left sides.

Conus arteriosus

Swollen structure located dorsal to the right auricle, involved in blood circulation.

Sinus venosus

A collection point for deoxygenated blood before reaching the right auricle.

Pulmonary veins

Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Hepatic Portal Vein

Vein that receives blood from the digestive organs and pours it to the liver.

Renal Portal Veins

Veins that receive blood from the hindlimbs and pour it into the kidneys.

Chordae tendinae

Fiber-like structures that anchor the atrioventricular (AV) valves to the ventricle walls.

Semilunar valve

Valve that prevents backflow of blood from the conus arteriosus to the ventricle.

Spiral valve

Structure that directs oxygenated and deoxygenated blood into proper arteries.

Dorsal Aorta

Unpaired artery formed from the union of left and right systemic arteries.

Coeliaco-mesenteric artery

Unpaired medial branch from the dorsal aorta supplying blood to digestive organs.

Urogenital arteries

Paired arteries supplying blood to the kidneys and gonads.

Anterior mesenteric artery

Supplies blood to the small intestine and anterior portion of the large intestine.

Pulmonary artery

Medial branch of the pulmo-cutaneous artery that goes to the lungs.

Gray matter

Inner or central compact substance of the spinal cord composed of nerve cell bodies.

White matter

Outer or peripheral substance of the spinal cord composed of nerve fibers.

Cerebrospinal fluid

Protective fluid cushioning the central nervous system.

Olfactory Nerves (I)

Cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

Optic Nerves (II)

Cranial nerve responsible for vision.

Oculomotor Nerves (III)

Cranial nerve controlling eye movement.

Trochlear Nerves (IV)

Cranial nerve involved in eye movement.

Trigeminal Nerves (V)

Cranial nerve responsible for sensation from the face and motor functions.

Abducens Nerves (VI)

Cranial nerve that controls eye movement.

Facial Nerves (VII)

Cranial nerve controlling facial expressions and taste sensations.

Vestibulocochlear Nerves (VIII)

Cranial nerve responsible for hearing and balance.

Glossopharyngeal Nerves (IX)

Cranial nerve involved in taste and throat functions.

Vagus Nerves (X)

Cranial nerve controlling the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

Dura mater

Outer, thick membrane covering the spinal cord and brain.

Pia mater

Inner, thin membrane that is in contact with the outer surface of the spinal cord.

Motor cells

Large stellate or multipolar nerve cells found in the ventral horns of the gray matter.

Interauricular septum

Membranous partition between the right and left auricular cavities.

Ventral abdominal vein

Vein that drains blood from the posterior regions of the body.

Filum terminale

Tapering structure at the end of the spinal cord.

Spinal nerves

Nerves that arise from the spinal cord and connect to the peripheral nervous system.

Sympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls 'fight or flight' responses.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that controls relaxation responses.

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Narrow cavity connecting the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

Central canal

Narrow cavity found inside the length of the spinal cord.

Dorsal horns

Projections from the dorsal angles of the gray matter.

Ventral horns

Projections from the ventral angles of the gray matter.