Ap unit 2 test kbat

Dispersed

A population that is spread out (away from each other). Ex- rural Australia or northern Canada.

Population distribution

Where people live within a geographic area - affects the cultural, political, environmental, and economic aspects and conditions in any given area. Ex- high population concentration in coastal East Asia.

Climate

Long-term weather patterns in an area strongly affect population distribution in direct + indirect ways. Ex- tropical rainforest climate vs. arid desert climate.

Temperate climates

Moderate temperatures + adequate precipitation amounts. Ex- Western Europe and Eastern United States.

Landforms

The natural features of Earth's surface. Ex- mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus.

Ecumenes

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Ex- major metropolitan areas and agricultural plains.

Population density

The number of people occupying a unit of land three methods to this is; arithmetic density, physiological density + agricultural density. Ex- Singapore having a much higher density than Australia.

Arithmetic density

Measures total number of people per unit area of land. (Calculated by dividing total population by the total land area). Ex- the United States having roughly 37 people per square kilometer.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land (helps to know if people can sustain themselves agriculturally). Ex- Egypt having a high physiological density concentrated along the Nile Delta.

Arable land

Land that can be used to grow crops. Ex- the Great Plains region of North America.

Agricultural density

Measures the total number of farmers per unit of arable land. (Shows more about a country's wealth than population distribution). Ex- high agricultural density in Bangladesh compared to low density in the USA.

Subsistence agriculture

Common in periphery + semi periphery countries where there are fewer mechanical resources available + more people work. Ex- small-scale paddy rice farming in rural Southeast Asia.

Population agglomerations

The clustering of people, businesses, and economic activities within a continuous built-up urban area and its functionally connected suburbs. Ex- the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain. Ex- a small island restricted by limited freshwater resources.

Dependency ratio

The number of people in a dependent age group (15-64) x 100. Ex- Japan having a high dependency ratio due to a large elderly population.

Sex ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population. (Shows different sex based rates) Ex- 105 male births for every 100 female births.

Demographics

Data about the structures + characteristics of human populations. Ex- age distributions, income levels, and ethnicity census data.

Fertility

The ability to produce children influences the birthrate of a population. Ex- high fertility rates observed across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1000 people in a given population. Ex- a CBR of 45 per 1,000 in Niger.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her childbearing years (15-49). Ex- South Korea's TFR falling below 1.0 child per woman.

Mortality

Deaths as a component of population change. Ex- increased mortality rates observed during global pandemics or wars.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a given population per year per 1000 people. Ex- a CDR of around 9 deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births. Ex- IMR of ~2 per 1,000 in Japan vs. ~60 per 1,000 in developing nations.

Maternal mortality rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management Ex- ~211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births globally.

J-curve

A graphical line that shows exponential population growth, where a population starts growing slowly and then shoots upward rapidly into a sharp, upward-sloping "J" shape. Ex- global human population growth over the past 200 years.

S-curve

A graphical line shaped like the letter "S" that represents logistic growth, where a population or cultural adoption grows rapidly at first and then levels off as it reaches a maximum limit. Ex- population growth stabilizing as it approaches environmental carrying capacity.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live. Ex- Americas is 79, Japan is 84.

Population Pyramids

Used to interpret the implications of the changing structure of a population. These graphs show the age-sex distribution of a given population helps indicate if the population is growing rapidly, growing slowly, or declining. Ex- a wide-based pyramid indicating rapid population growth in Nigeria.

Zero population growth

A demographic state where a population's size remains stable with no net increase or decrease over time Ex- modern Italy or Japan experiencing near ZPG.

Replacement fertility

The average number of children per woman needed to keep a population's size stable from one generation to the next without depending on immigration. Ex- a TFR of approximately 2.1 in developed countries.

Hidden Momentum

The tendency for a population to keep growing even after birth rates or fertility rates drop down to replacement level. Ex- India's population continuing to grow due to a large percentage of youth entering reproductive age.

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

The difference between the crude birth rate (CBR) + crude death rate (CDR) of a defined group of people. Ex- CBR of 20 minus CDR of 5 yields an RNI of 15 per 1,000 (1.5%).

Doubling time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double. Formula - 70/RNI = DT Ex- an RNI of 2% results in a doubling time of 35 years.

Urbanization / suburbanization / counterurbanization

The growth + development of cities, + took place more strongly in the industrialized countries that form the core. Ex- rapid rural-to-urban migration in modern China.

Overpopulation

Describes a population that exceeds its sustainable size, or carrying capacity. Ex- severe water scarcity and resource depletion in densely populated arid regions.

Thomas Malthus

Based on the premise that exponential population growth will outpace the increase in resources, including food supply. The point where the lines meet is where the food shortage will begin. Ex- An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798).

Neo-Malthusian

This thought raises concerns about the sustainable use of the planet, claiming Earth's resources can only support a finite population. Neo-Malthusians argue that today's declining trends in fertility + crude birth rates will be reversed in some countries. In the future due to insufficient resources might cause war or famine. Ex- Paul Ehrlich's work 'The Population Bomb'.

Cornucopians

Theorists who believe that human ingenuity, technology, and free markets will allow society to overcome resource limits and support an indefinitely growing population. Ex- Julian Simon's economic theories on resource abundance.

Demographic transition model (DTM)

Represents the shifts in growth that the worlds population has undergone - and is still experiencing - over time. Based on population trends like birth rate + death rate, each stage of this model is characterised by these two factors. Ex- Stage 2 characterized by falling death rates and high birth rates.

Demographic equation

Population change = births - deaths + net migration Ex- calculating a nation's annual population change including immigration.

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

Describes change in fertility, mortality, life expectancy + population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death. Ex- shifting from infectious diseases (cholera) to degenerative diseases (heart disease).

Antinatalist

Government policy designed to curb population growth by discouraging citizens from having children. Usually a reaction to concerns about population growth exceeding resources. (Reduce famine). Ex- China's former One-Child Policy.

Pronatalist

Policy that encourages births + aim to accelerate population growth (Helps working age + future economics). Ex- paid parental leave and subsidized childcare in Sweden.

Land degradation

The use of limited resources has long-term repercussions or long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life. Ex- soil exhaustion, depletion of nutrients in soil, deforestation, cutting rainforests. Ex- desertification occurring in the Sahel region of Africa.

Mobility

Includes all types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances. Ex- daily commuting, seasonal relocation, or permanent international migration.

Circulation

Temporary repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis. Ex- daily college student commutes or weekly business trips.

Emigration

Movement away from a location. Ex- a person leaving Ireland during the Great Famine.

Immigration

Movement to a location. Ex- a family moving to Canada to settle permanently.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of emigrants + immigrants in a location such as a city or a country. Ex- positive net migration in Australia due to high immigrant intake.

Gravity Model (as it relates to migration)

Predicts the interaction between two or more places. Ex- high migration volume between New York City and Los Angeles.

Push factors

A negative cause that compels someone to leave a location. Ex- high unemployment, war, or natural disasters.

Pull factors

A positive cause that attracts someone to a new location. Ex- job availability, safety, and better weather.

Lee's Migration Model

A model that explains migration based on push factors, pull factors, intervening obstacles, and personal factors that influence a person's decision to move. Ex- evaluating a move based on local job loss (push), foreign opportunities (pull), and border barriers (obstacle).

E. G. Ravenstein's Laws

A set of general rules explaining migration patterns, such as people usually moving short distances, migrating from rural to urban areas, and often moving in stages. Ex- rural residents moving to a nearby city before moving to a national metropolis.

Voluntary migration

In which people make the choice to move to a. new place. Ex- moving to a new city for a job promotion or retirement.

Forced migration

In which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors. Ex- the Atlantic slave trade or displacement caused by war.

Transnational migration

Immigrants to a new country retain strong cultural, emotional + financial ties to their country of origin + may regularly return for visits. (Two cultures and two countries at once). Ex- Mexican immigrants living in the U.S. while maintaining homes and voting in Mexico.

Internal migration

Movement within a country's borders. Ex- moving from New York to Florida.

Migration transition theory

The idea that migration patterns change as a country develops economically, shifting from rural-to-urban migration to more international migration. Ex- Stage 2 countries experiencing high international emigration and Stage 4 countries receiving international immigrants.

Friction of distance

A concept that states that the longer a journey/trip is, the more time, effort + cost it will involve. Ex- people being less likely to migrate to a country thousands of miles away compared to a neighboring state.

Transhumance

A form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer + low elevations during the winter. Transhumance is an international migration when nomads cross national borders during their seasonal movement. Ex- pastoral herders moving livestock in the Swiss Alps or East Africa.

Chain migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there. Ex- a family settling in Chicago because relatives already established a neighborhood there.

Step migration

A series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination. Ex- moving from a farm to a village, then to a small town, and finally to a major metropolis.

Diaspora

The spread of a group of people from their original homeland to different parts of the world while maintaining connections to their culture. Ex- the Jewish diaspora or the African diaspora.

Intervening obstacles

An occurrence that holds migrants back. Ex- mountain ranges, ocean barriers, passport controls, or high visa fees.

Intervening opportunity

An occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice. Ex- finding a good job in a city along the way to a planned final destination.

Guest workers

Migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers. Ex- foreign workers in Gulf Cooperation Council countries under temporary employment contracts.

Circular migration

When migrant workers move back + forth between their country of origin + the destination country where they work temporarily. Ex- agricultural laborers moving to another country for harvest season and returning home afterward.

Refugees

Are people who are forced to leave their country for fear of persecution or death (Might have special access to entering country). Ex- Syrians fleeing civil war into neighboring countries and Europe.

Asylum

Right to protection, in a new country (migrants who arent definition of refugee cabt have the right to asylum). Ex- political dissidents requesting sanctuary from persecution at an embassy or border control.

Internally displaced persons

People who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within their country's borders. Ex- Ukrainians fleeing conflict zones in eastern Ukraine to safer western cities in Ukraine.

Human trafficking

Defined by the UN as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud or coercion" Victims are often sold into forced labor, domestic servitude + sexual exploitation. Ex- individuals forced into debt bondage or involuntary servitude in illegal operations.

Repatriate

To return a person such as a refugee, back to their country of origin or citizenship (due to ongoing conflicts). Ex- refugees returning home after a conflict ends and peace is restored.

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another. Ex- moving from the U.S. Rust Belt to the Sun Belt.

Intraregional migration

Movement within one region of a country. Ex- moving from an urban city center to an adjacent suburb.

Quotas

The government set limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year. Ex- the U.S. Emergency Quota Act of 1921 setting national limits.

Kinship links

Networks of relatives + friends. Ex- relying on familial connections in a new country for housing and job searches.

Skills gap

The difference between the skills employers need and the skills workers have. Ex- a shortage of software engineers in a technology-driven economy.

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to family or communities in their home country. Ex- money sent by workers in the U.S. back to families in the Philippines or Mexico.

Brain drain

The loss of educated or skilled workers from a country because they move to another country for better opportunities. Ex- doctors and engineers emigrating from developing nations to Western countries.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of an idea, culture, or trait from one place to another as people move and bring it with them. Ex- Spanish language and culture spreading to the Americas through European migration.