Kinesiology and Biomechanics 2.1

What are the two main functions of the ankle?

Stability & Flexibility

What makes up stability?

Base of Support & Rigid Lever For Push-Off

What makes up flexibility?

Adapt To Terrain & Shock Absorption

Is pronation more associated with stability or flexibility?

Flexibility

Is supination more associated with stability or flexibility?

Stability

Is a "rigid" foot more stable or flexible?

Stable

Is a "rigid" foot pes planus or pes cavus?

Pes Cavus

Is pes cavus a high-arch or flat arch?

High-Arch

Is pes planus a high-arch or flat arch?

Flat Arch

What makes up the talocrural joint?

Talus; Distal Tibia and Fibula

Which is convex in the talocrural joint?

Talus

Which is concave in the talocrural joint?

Distal Tibia and Fibula

Which moves in the open chain of a talocrural joint?

Talus

What glide is associated with open chain talocrural joint dorsiflexion?

Posterior Glide

What roll is associated with open chain talocrural joint dorsiflexion?

Anterior Roll

What glide is associated with open chain talocrural plantarflexion?

Anterior Glide

What roll is associated with open chain talocrural plantarflexion?

Posterior Roll

How much dorsiflexion is needed for walking?

10 Degrees

How much dorsiflexion is needed for running?

20 Degrees

What is a lack of dorsiflexion treated with?

Posterior Glide

What is closed packed position of the talocrural joint?

Maximal Dorsiflexion

What is the loose packed position of the talocrural joint?

10 Degrees Plantarflexion; Midway Between Inversion and Eversion

What makes up the subtalar joint?

Talus and Calcaneus

Is the posterior facet or the middle/anterior facet of the subtalar joint larger?

Posterior Facet

Is the posterior facet or the middle/anterior facet of the subtalar joint smaller?

Middle/Anterior Facet

In the posterior facet of the subtalar joint is the calcaneus concave or convex?

Convex

In the posterior facet of the subtalar joint is the talus concave or convex?

Concave

In the middle/anterior facet of the subtalar joint is the calcaneus concave or convex?

Concave

In the middle/anterior facet of the subtalar joint is the talus concave or convex?

Convex

What glide is associated with subtalar eversion?

Lateral Glide

What glide is associated with subtalar inversion?

Medial Glide

What is the closed packed position of the subtalar joint?

Supination

What is the loose packed position of the subtalar joint?

Midway Between Supination And Pronation

What does the heel do during open chain pronation?

Calcaneal Eversion

Calcaneal Abduction

Calcaneal Dorsiflexion

What does the heel do during closed chain pronation?

Calcaneal Eversion

Talar Adduction

Talar Plantarflexion

What does the heel do during open chain supination?

Calcaneal Inversion

Calcaneal Adduction

Calcaneal Plantarflexion

What does the heel do during closed chain supination?

Calcaneal Inversion

Talar Abduction

Talar Dorsiflexion

The Windlass Mechanism is "Great toe BLANK results in BLANK of the plantar aponeurosis."

A) Extension; Loosening

B) Extension; Tightening

C) Flexion; Loosening

D) Flexion; Tightening

Extension; Tightening

What does the Windlass Mechanism transform the foot into?

Rigid Lever During Push-Off

How much do the toes extend during push-off?

70 Degrees

What are the 4 points of normalcy?

Tibia: vertical

Calcaneus: in line with tibia

Metatarsals: plane perpendicular to calcaneus

Metatarsals: all in same plane

What is forefoot varus in open chain/NWB?

Forefoot: inverted

Subtalar Joint: neutral

Calcaneus: vertical

What is forefoot varus in closed chain/WB?

Forefoot: flat

Subtalar Joint: pronated

Calcaneus: everted

During forefoot varus in the NWB position the plane of the metatarsals is more dorsal on the BLANK side than the BLANK side.

Medial; Lateral

During forefoot varus in the WB position the foot is BLANK too long when it should be BLANK at end of stance phase.

Pronating; Supinating

What dysfunction might forefoot varus be associated with?

Patellofemoral

What is forefoot valgus in open chain/NWB?

Forefoot: everted

Subtalar Joint: neutral

Calcaneus: vertical

What is forefoot valgus in closed chain/WB?

Forefoot: flat

Subtalar Joint: supinated

Calcaneus: inverted

During forefoot valgus in the NWB position the plane of the metatarsals is more dorsal on the BLANK side than the BLANK side.

Lateral; Medial

During forefoot valgus in the WB position the foot is BLANK too soon.

Supinating

Does forefoot varus or valgus become rigid sooner?

Forefoot Valgus

Does forefoot varus or valgus have less shock absorption?

Forefoot Valgus

What is rearfoot varus in open chain/NWB?

Forefoot: inverted

Subtalar Joint: neutral

Calcalneus: inverted

What is rearfoot varus in closed chain/WB?

Forefoot: flat

Subtalar Joint: pronated

Calcaneus: vertical

When weight bearing with rearfoot varus the foot BLANK too much.

Pronates

What muscle will be required for activation to control excessive pronation with rearfoot varus?

Posterior Tibialis

Is an equinus foot plantarflexed or dorsiflexed?

Plantarflexed

What muscle is tight and causes equinus?

Gastrocnemius (achilles tendon)

What is the weight bearing implication for equinus?

Never reach 10 degrees of dorsiflexion during gait

What is hallux abducto valgus often referred to as?

Bunion

There is progressive BLANK at the first metatarsal and BLANK deviation of the great toe during hallux abducto valgus.

Adduction; Lateral

What can cause hallux abducto valgus?

Genetics

Improper Shoe Wear

Limited Great Toe Extension (<70 degrees during gait)

Overpronation (pushing off of medial toe)

How does a short limb influence foot posture?

Foot Supination

How does a long limb influence foot posture?

Foot Pronation

During tibial torsion what plane is the tibia moved in?

Transverse

Where can stress be placed during tibia torsion?

Knee And Foot

When there is tibial varum the tibia has what appearance?

Bowed-out

Which of the following best described one of the primary stability functions of the foot and ankle?

A) Shock absorption during gait

B) Serving as a rigid lever for push-off

C) Adapting to uneven terrain

D) Allowing calcaneal eversion in pronation

Serving as a rigid lever for push-off

Which of the following best described one of the primary stability functions of the foot and ankle?

A) Shock absorption during gait

B) Base of support

C) Adapting to uneven terrain

D) Allowing calcaneal eversion in pronation

Base of support

Which of the following best described one of the primary flexibility functions of the foot and ankle?

A) Serving as a rigid lever for push-off

B) Base of support

C) Adapting to uneven terrain

D) Allowing calcaneal eversion in pronation

Adapting to uneven terrain

Which of the following best described one of the primary flexibility functions of the foot and ankle?

A) Serving as a rigid lever for push-off

B) Base of support

C) Shock absorption during gait

D) Allowing calcaneal eversion in pronation

Shock absorption during gait

Which characteristics are typically associated with a pes planus foot type?

A) Flexible foot with high medial longitudinal arch

B) Flexible foot with low medial longitudinal arch

C) Rigid foot with high medial longitudinal arch

D) Rigid foot with low medial longitudinal arch

Flexible foot with low medial longitudinal arch

Which characteristics are typically associated with a pes cavus foot type?

A) Flexible foot with high medial longitudinal arch

B) Flexible foot with low medial longitudinal arch

C) Rigid foot with high medial longitudinal arch

D) Rigid foot with low medial longitudinal arch

Rigid foot with high medial longitudinal arch

During open-chain dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint, the talus rolls anteriorly. Which glide accompanies this motion?

A) Lateral glide

B) Anterior glide

C) Posterior glide

D) Superior glide

Posterior glide

During open-chain plantarflexion at the talocrural joint, the talus rolls posteriorly. Which glide accompanies this motion?

A) Lateral glide

B) Anterior glide

C) Posterior glide

D) Superior glide

Anterior glide

During open-chain eversion at the subtalar joint, which glide accompanies this motion?

A) Lateral glide

B) Anterior glide

C) Posterior glide

D) Medial glide

Lateral glide

During open-chain inversion at the subtalar joint, the talus rolls anteriorly. Which glide accompanies this motion?

A) Lateral glide

B) Anterior glide

C) Posterior glide

D) Medial glide

Medial glide

What is the closed-packed position of the talocrural joint?

A) 10 degrees plantarflexion

B) Midway between inversion and eversion

C) Maximal dorsiflexion

D) Full plantarflexion

Maximal dorsiflexion

What is the loose-packed position of the talocrural joint?

A) 10 degrees plantarflexion

B) Midway between inversion and eversion

C) Maximal dorsiflexion

D) Full plantarflexion

10 degrees plantarflexion

What is the loose-packed position of the subtalar joint?

A) 10 degrees plantarflexion

B) Midway between inversion and eversion

C) Maximal dorsiflexion

D) Supination

Midway between inversion and eversion

What is the closed-packed position of the subtalar joint?

A) 10 degrees plantarflexion

B) Midway between inversion and eversion

C) Maximal dorsiflexion

D) Supination

Supination

Which glide is most often used clinically to facilitate subtalar inversion?

A) Posterior glide

B) Medial glide

C) Lateral glide

D) Anterior glide

Medial glide

Which glide is most often used clinically to facilitate subtalar eversion?

A) Posterior glide

B) Medial glide

C) Lateral glide

D) Anterior glide

Lateral glide

Which glide is most often used clinically to facilitate talocrural dorsiflexion?

A) Posterior glide

B) Medial glide

C) Lateral glide

D) Anterior glide

Posterior glide

Which glide is most often used clinically to facilitate talocrural plantarflexion?

A) Posterior glide

B) Medial glide

C) Lateral glide

D) Anterior glide

Anterior glide

Which of the following occurs during closed-chain pronation?

A) Calcaneal inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

B) Calcaneal inversion, talar abduction, and talar dorsiflexion

C) Calcaneal eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

D) Calcaneal eversion, talar adduction, and talar plantar flexion

Calcaneal eversion, talar adduction, and talar plantar flexion

Which of the following occurs during open-chain pronation?

A) Calcaneal inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

B) Calcaneal inversion, talar abduction, and talar dorsiflexion

C) Calcaneal eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

D) Calcaneal eversion, talar adduction, and talar plantar flexion

Calcaneal eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

Which of the following occurs during open-chain supination?

A) Calcaneal inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

B) Calcaneal inversion, talar abduction, and talar dorsiflexion

C) Calcaneal eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

D) Calcaneal eversion, talar adduction, and talar plantar flexion

Calcaneal inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

Which of the following occurs during closed-chain supination?

A) Calcaneal inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

B) Calcaneal inversion, talar abduction, and talar dorsiflexion

C) Calcaneal eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

D) Calcaneal eversion, talar adduction, and talar plantar flexion

Calcaneal inversion, talar abduction, and talar dorsiflexion

What occurs during the windlass mechanism of the foot?

A) Calcaneus inverts, creating shock absorption

B) Great toe extension tightens the plantar aponeurosis, forming a rigid lever

C) Subtalar pronation increases foot flexibility

D) Plantarflexion stretches the Achilled tendon for push-off

Great toe extension tightens the plantar aponeurosis, forming a rigid lever

What is the typical weight-bearing compensation for forefoot varus?

A) Supination occurs too soon

B) Supination is excessive

C) Pronation lasts too long

D) Pronation is limited

Pronation lasts too long

What is the typical weight-bearing compensation for forefoot valgus?

A) Supination occurs too soon

B) Supination is excessive

C) Pronation lasts too long

D) Pronation is limited

Supination occurs too soon

Which of the following best describes a functional implication of an equinus condition?

A) Hight medial longitudinal arch

B) Limited subtalar inversion during standing

C) Inability to reach 10 degrees dorsiflexion during gait

D) Excessive tibial external rotation with sitting

Inability to reach 10 degrees dorsiflexion during gait

How does the foot typically compensate for a long limb in leg length discrepancy?

A) Foot supinates to lengthen the limb

B) Calcaneus inverts to absorb shock

C) Foot pronates to effectively shorten the limb

D) Forefoot valgus develops to balance stance

Foot pronates to effectively shorten the limb

How does the foot typically compensate for a short limb in leg length discrepancy?

A) Foot supinates to lengthen the limb

B) Calcaneus inverts to absorb shock

C) Foot pronates to effectively shorten the limb

D) Forefoot valgus develops to balance stance

Foot supinates to lengthen the limb