Historical Research Methods (Metode Penelitian Sejarah)

Vocabulary flashcards covering historical research methodology, stages of historical analysis, auxiliary sciences, and classification of historical facts.

Research (Penelitian)

An effort to discover, reveal, investigate, and analyze a phenomenon or event through scientific procedures.

Historical Research (Louis Gottschalk)

A historical methodology defined by Louis Gottschalk consisting of four core activities: collecting relevant written and oral information, discarding unclear or doubtful information, drawing conclusions from reliable sources, and assembling the evidence into a synthesized report.

Heuristics (Heuristik)

The initial stage of historical research, derived from the Greek word Heurisken ('to find'), which involves locating and gathering written, oral, and artifactual historical sources.

Verification (Verifikasi)

The second stage of historical research, involving critical examination to determine the authenticity and credibility of historical sources.

Internal Criticism (Kritik Intern)

A verification method focused on evaluating the contents and meaning of a historical relic, such as analyzing the text of an ancient inscription, manuscript, or document.

External Criticism (Kritik Ekstern)

A verification method focused on testing the physical authenticity of a historical source by examining physical materials, scripts, writing styles, and language.

Typology (Tipologi)

A dating method that determines the age of an artifact based on its form or type, based on the principle that simpler forms are older.

Stratification (Stratifikasi)

A method for determining the relative age of an artifact based on the soil layer in which it was excavated, where the deepest layers are the oldest and the topmost layers are the youngest.

Chemical Dating (Kimiawi)

A method of establishing the age of historical remains through the analysis of chemical elements, such as Carbon-14 ($\text{C14}$) or Argon.

Interpretation (Interpretasi)

The stage of historical research in which the historian analyzes and interprets verified sources to extract and communicate their implicit and explicit meanings.

Historiography (Historiografi)

The final stage of historical research involving the written synthesis of a historical narrative in accordance with disciplinary norms, specifically chronological order and objectivity.

Historical Materialism (Historis Materialisme)

The Marxist analytical perspective that views material and economic conditions as the primary driving force of historical change.

Group Prejudice (Prasangka Kelompok)

A source of historical subjectivity where bias stems from identification with a collective group, such as bureaucrats, business people, labor, the military, an ethnic group, or a nation.

Geology (Geologi)

An auxiliary historical science focused on the study of the Earth's crustal layers.

Paleontology (Paleontologi)

An auxiliary historical science that investigates the fossilized remains of ancient living organisms.

Paleoanthropology (Paleoanthropologi)

An auxiliary historical science that studies the physical and evolutionary development of early humans.

Archaeology (Arkeologi)

An auxiliary historical science that examines ancient material culture, antiquities, and physical artifacts.

Iconography (Ikonografi)

An auxiliary historical science that analyzes and interprets ancient statues (arca) and reliefs.

Epigraphy (Epygrafi)

An auxiliary historical science dedicated to the decipherment and study of ancient inscriptions.

Philology (Filologi)

An auxiliary historical science that investigates ancient languages and historical literary texts.

Numismatics (Numismatik)

An auxiliary historical science focused on the study and cataloging of ancient coins and currencies.

Historical Evidence (Bukti Sejarah)

Physical traces or testimonies of past human actions—such as witness accounts, documents, or material remains—used to substantiate conclusions about history.

Historical Reality (Kenyataan Sejarah)

Actual events and occurrences that genuinely took place in the past within human experience.

Historical Fact (Fakta Sejarah)

A subjective statement regarding past events produced through the mental processing, word choice, and selective framing of the historian.

Artifact (Artefak)

A physical object resulting from past human action (e.g., weapons, tools, architecture, coins, or manuscripts) that serves as raw material for historical study.

Social Fact (Fakta Sosial / Sociofact)

The collective social patterns, institutions, and structures of a given society and era, such as customs, forced labor, social stratification, rituals, and urbanization.

Mental Fact (Fakta Mental / Mentifact)

The overarching mental environment of a society during a specific period—encompassing ideas, worldviews, values, ideologies, and popular spirit—that drives historical action.

History of Mentalities (Sejarah Mentalitas)

The branch of historical study that investigates the underlying collective psychology and consciousness of a population, such as the emergence of national consciousness under colonial oppression.