Winf

Digitalization

all changes and their results that happen in human society because digital technologies are being used more

Digital Transformation 1 dimension - internal

between companies, backstage processes, process management, increasing efficiency, automation, ERP (enterprise resource planning, supporting business processes)

Digital Transformation 2 dimension - external

designing services with user in mind, frontstage, benefit orientation, new potential to integrate user, configuration system (customize product)

Digital Transformation 3 dimension - results

Product/Services are smart, second screening (lego has digital experience linked to physical product)

IT is linked with

corporate success (private sector, amazon, lieferando, booking, airbnb); quality of life (increasing efficiency (e-government), innovation porducst & services (wien mobil))

Information Systems (IS)

consist of ppl and machines (software, computer, networks, communication devices) that generate and/or use info and are connected to each other through communication relationships

3 Dimensions of IS

Technology (IT-INfrastructure, Hardware/Software), Management (Decisions, Navigation, Challenges) Organizaiton (Hierarchies, Culture, Prodesses, Resources)

example for IS

customer respnse system (link consumer behaviour with supply chain - wallmart, automation), customer experience management system (mass customizaiotn - nike, scaled customization)

disciple of IS

concerns all activities related to the development, introduction, use, operation, replacement of IS in business, administration and private sector. aim is to design socially acceptable, technically stable, economically sustainable info and business systems.

Perspectives of Discipline of IS

Technical Perspective (data-, computer science, operatins management) and Behavioral Perspective (Economics, Sociology, Psychology)

Computer Science = Informatics (technical perspective)

technical aspects of design, implementation of system

Data Science (technical perspective)

gain info from data for decision-making

operation management

focus on optimization of selected processes within operation

Sociology (behavioural perspective)

research how groups & organizaitons design IS and what influence these systems have on individual and society

Economics (behavioural perspective)

examination how IS is changing control and costs in companies

Psychology (behavioural perspective)

understanding how ppl perceive formal inforamation and use it for decisions

problems when data management is not holistically conceived

redundancy (same data at different points), inconsistency (results displayed in different formats), Dependency (different system leads to compatibltiy problems), Inflexibility (increased response time to react to individual adjustment, user management)

reduces redundancy (bc of DBMS)

data presisted in system and not distributed thoughout comany

reduces inconsistency (bc of DBMS)

data can be queried centrally and across organizations in one format

reduced dependency (bc of DBMS)

several programs can connect to the system via interfaces

reduces inflexibility (bc of DBMS)

central role-based access control enables fine-grained user management

DBMS (Data Base Management System)

manages data base and enables simultaneousl access to them by several application programs and several users

leading manufactures of DBMS

Oracle, IBM, Mircrosoft

DBMS in form of free open source sofware

MySQL, MonogoDB, SpostgresSQL, SQLite

database

centrally managed database made usable via application-independent access procedures/ A database is a centrally managed collection of data that can be accessed by different applications without the data being dependent on one particular application.

entities

tables that group info

attributes

what a table/entity consists of

relation

links tables to each other

primary key

find info in the table with primary key

foreign key

references to another table

what is SQL

Structured Query Language DBMS use it to add, access, update, delete data

modeling

purpose-oriented simplifing of a situation (result and process/activity)

ERM

entty relationship model (maps data model)

business process

workflow usually consisting of several activities for the cration, utilitzation or support of operational performances

Business Process Management

all task that aim to make business process more efficient and effective

BPM Life Cycle

Process identification--process discovery—process analysis—process redesign—process implementation—process monitorng and controlling

process identification

define p architecture, list of most important p, differentiate them — process map—process check list (is it a p, can we control it, should we contorl it, is it too large/too small)

process discovery

defining framework-gather info(evidence-based or interviews/Workshops)-modelling of process-ensuring quality of model (syntactic (does it follow rules of modelling language), semantic (correspond to real process?), pragmatic (is it usable?)

3 process analysis

qualitative (waste, root cause a.) and quantitiative (sycle time/simulation, queing a.) process analysis

4 process redesign

devils square, improvement orbit

devil square

illustrates conflicts between target dimesions of time, cost, quality, flexibility

improvement orbit

three aces for differentiating methods: ambition, essence, perspective

5 process implementation

introducing process oriented systems (to implement a process businesses use specialize software like erp, crm,…), model executaility (there r 3 levels how well a system understands BPMN, Fully, provide customized support via internal representation, those who dont support it)

6 process monitoring

statistics-based and model-based methods

IS management

planning, developing, operation, control of companys IS. goel to provide good information infrastructure that helps compay work efficiently and achieve long term goals

traditional approach (IS management)

IT strategy focuses on management of IT infrastructure and application system. Risk of IT neglecting Business-oriented transformation

alignment approach

IT strategy closely interlinked with corporate strategy

Business/IT Alignment

with the help of IT we optimiz efficiency and cost, integrating technological progress into organizaiton —> digital business strategy

in house development

company using own resources and employees for software development

it outsourcing

it tasks being haded over to other company for defined period of time based on contract (eg infrastructure, applications, processes, personnel)

challenges when dealing with standards

quantity&overview (what do i choose?), wording&comprehension (what do they mean), scope&complexity (what is my scope bc it covers many areas) corporate policy&structure (how do i internaliz bc it leads to change)

IT governance

measures, processes, structures that make companys IT service more transparent, easier to control. ensure that IT strategy is in line with corporate strategy (IT alignment) and regualtory requirements (compliance). includes all strategically relevant decisions regarding IT-infrastructure, services, risks

software engineering

techniacal discipline deals with all aspects of systematic software production, system specification to maintenance after it has been integrated and put into operation

requirements for designing IS

access to database, access to network, user must be able to se system efficiently (usabiity), different groups have different views and needs (user administration eg.: lpis)

System development Activities

specification (what are the requirements-requirements engineering), design (outline and modelling-software design), implementaion (programming-software development), testing (verification—software testing)

process models

simplified representations of the process steps in system development, framework that should be expanded and adapted

system modelling

simplified representation of a system using graphic notaion (often UML)

Use case (das oval wo was drinnen steht wie: Note unterschreiben)

set of actions that when followed step by step represent specific behaviour of the system made available to the actor

Use case diagram, key question

what should my planned system actually do?, Visualization of external behaviour of system, should alwys be made in the beginning, context diagram

4 Principles of software engineering

Process, requirements, reliability, recycling

4 UML diagram types

use case, action, sequence, class diagram

fake news

false or potentially misleading info done intentionally, disguised as real

bias

distortion effects (verzerrung), psychology: stereotype that can lead to pos/neg perception of enviornment, decisions, actions. consciusly or uncounsiously. statistik: error in data collection, may lead to discrmination

Ethics

principle of right and wrong, individuals beliefed to be free moral agents, make decisions that determine behaviour. is raises new questions, has power for profound social change, threated existing distribution of power, money, rights, duties

values

reveal degree of desirability of something or someone, give meaning to and motivate specific choice/action, means and ends.

3 pillars based on values

trust, responsibility, autonomie

trust

mechanism to ensure compliace with regulation in line with human needs

responsibility

taking over costs, tasks, liabilities for my decisions, transparent communicatin

autonomy

control over data and its use, ability to track this using control tools

Data protection

all legal regualtions and operational measures designed to secure personal information and guarantee an indivduals right to control their own data

GDPR

General Data Protection Regulation, instrument at judicial level, since May 2018 if orgnaization stores data of Eu citizens, penalities up to 20Mio or 4% annual turnover

Duty of responsible party (recording to GDPR)

duty to profide info when collecting personal data

Rights of affected parties (GDPR)

Right to be informed (if and which data is being processed), right to correction/completion, right to deletion

computer Network

spacially (not in the same room) distributed systems of data station (computers, control units, peripheral devices) connected to each other by data transmission devices and paths

IP-Adress

all data stations in netowrks require unique network address

packet switching

you split the data in small data packets, address every pakcet, easier to transmitt data over network

www

coined 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee. System accessed via Internet provides linked text and multimedia documents based on client server model. HTML code used to build the webpage (presentation language), HTTP language computer use to talk over the internet (communication protocol)

http cookies

character string that is stored by web server (website) at the web client (my browser) and automatically transmitted by the web client (browser) in the event of later request

Cloud computing

use of several servers provided by external providers via the internet, to store, manage, or process data without having to use local computers, this way business application services can also be used on these computers on the internet

Big Data

data who are so big in size tht it exceeds capabilities of individual computer system to store, search, analyse, manage amount of data

4Vs of big data

volume (total volume increasing), velocity (increased data traffic per second), Veracity (level of accuracy of data), Variety (variety of new data and data types)

features for open data

open access, re-usability, available in machine-readable format, no restrictions; use, distribution and re-use of data without restriction

business intelligence

integrated, company specific overall concept for IT support of managemen. intelligence meaning knowledge generated through collection, integration, transformations, storage, analysis and interpretation of business relevant info

classical support system

helps specialists to prepare for decisions for narrowly defined tasks, investigating possible alternative courses of action using mathematical methods and models

identity security

securing the identity of user, making sure user is who he says he is. identity management systems used to ensure identity security

communication/network security

all measure to ensure security of communication connections and protect IS against attacks from networks

Data securtiy

involves prevention of data loss, theft, corruption. preventive measures taken to ensure data is complete and correct at all times

encrytion

turning text into seemingly meaningless characteres using a key can be truned back into text using same key

cryptography

science that deals with encryption of info

cryptanalysis

branch that deals with analysis of encrypted info

hash function

unique hash value calculated for every character string, ensuring character string is present in unchanged form

Digital signature

cryptographically protected proof that a clearly identified user signed a data area

blockchain

technically prevent data from being changed retrospectively (foundation of tamper-proof transaction directories)/record of transactions that is designed to prevent the data from being changed retrospecitvely

data science

science of extracting facts by processsing and analysing very larg, heterogenous data sets in order to get recommendations for management action

statistical model

attmepts to explain observed values using a mathematical model with an error component

AI

summarizes the attempt to build computer-based systems that behave like humans. they are able to perform tasks and imitate human experience and decision making.

machine learning

Ai based systems use machine learning methods (regression, classification,…)

data warehouse

company wide database which proveds a uniform and cosistent database to support decision making by specialists and managers in all areas and at all levels, operated seperately from operational databases. data from various sources entered into data warehouse and stored for data analysis over short, medium, long perids. data am be analyzed according to operational criteria in various dimensions.

data nart

aggregated section of company-wide data warehouse that can be used to quickly and easily handle majority of queries from functional area or goup of ppl. Advantages: improved perfomance (smaller data volume), increased flexibility for functional area during further development, less coordination effort and simplfies access protection.