Duel Study Flashcards

Burr's

William Lloyd Garrison

Grimke Sisters

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Leading white male abolitionist and publisher of the Liberator

Sarah and Angelina radical activists in the abolitionist movement

Author of tales about New England like The Scarlet Letter

Emily Dickinson

Dorothea Dix

Frederick Douglas

A poet whose work became well known after her death

Worked to gain more humane treatment of mentally ill

Leading black male abolitionist and published North Star

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Charles Grandison Finney

A transcendentalist author, wrote Self-Reliance

Preached that each person held within themselves the capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation, founded modern revivalism

McCulloch v. Maryland

Mormons

Supreme Court case determined legality of implied powers and the ability for government to create national bank, stated that the national government is supreme over the state

Religious group that was persecuted for the practice of polygamy (multiple wives/husbands)

Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

National Bank

Compromise over slavery on Louisiana Territory, famous agreement which drew the line to determine future free and slave states, no slavery in the Louisiana territory above the 36 degree 30 minute latitude line, created by Henry Clay

Part of the government that formed under Alexander Hamilton’s advice to correct the nation’s financial issues

The Whiskey Ring

Battle of Little Bighorn

Group of government officials and distillers in St. Louis Missouri cheated the government out of millions of dollars during Grant’s administration

Indian Battle in 1876 where George Custer and his men in the 7th cavalry were defeated by the Sioux Indians led by Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Military Reconstruction

Confederacy split into 5 military districts with a Union General in charge of each district, each state had to hold a constitutional convention and give the right to vote to all citizens (14th amendment had to be ratified) if they wanted to elect new members of congress

Tenant Farmer

Tenure of Office Acts

Type of farmer who rents land and supplies from the landowner

Required the Senate to approve any removal of a government official whose appointment had required the Senate’s consent, this sets up Johnson’s impeachment

Andrew Johnson

KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

Became president when Lincoln was assassinated, first president impeached but found not guilty

Secret society started by Confederates, goal is to drive out the Union troops and carpetbaggers and regain control of the Democratic party

Laissez-faire

Lewis & Clark

Style of government where the government tries to stay out of the people’s lives as much as possible, philosophy advocated by Jefferson

Expedition group that explored the newly purchased Louisiana Territory from 1803-1805

Confederacy

Crittenden Compromise

Name of the 11 southern states that seceded, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee

Proposed restoring the terms of the Missouri Compromise for all the territories in order to avoid war, rejected by the Republicans

Free-Soil

Freeport Doctrine

No slavery on the territories but leaves it where it already exists

Created by Stephen Douglas, his attempt to say that slavery could be limited in the territories despite the Dred Scott decision

Democratic Party

Stephen Douglas

Party during the sectionalism and crisis time period that mostly supported the expansion of slavery

Northern Democrat who proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and created the Freeport Doctrine

Fugitive Slave Act

Ghost Town

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Laws passed in 1850 to help Southern slave owners to recapture escaped slaves, made it a crime for anyone to help an escaped slaves and allowed slave catchers to find escaped slaves anywhere in the nation

Abandoned mining town after a strike had gone bust

Used popular sovereignty in the Louisiana Territory

Shakers

Joseph Smith

Religious community that practiced that practiced celibacy and a simple lifestyle

Founder of the Mormon Church

Spoils System/Patronage

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

System of giving government jobs to friends and supporters, began by Andrew Jackson and continued until the reforms of the late 1800’s, critics called Andrew Jackson’s “rotation in office” of federal workers this

She helped organize the 1848 women’s rights convention

Trail of Tears

Transcendentalism

Forced removal of the Cherokee Indians from the East (Georgia) into the Oklahoma reservations, process begun by Jackson and finished under Van Buren

Philosophical movement stressing intuition and feelings over reason and ties to nature

Temperance

Henry David Thoreau

This reform movement tried to get people to stop drinking alcohol

Transcendentalist writer, wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience, which objected to paying taxes because he thought supported slavery

Sojourner Truth

Harriet Tubman

She worked on behalf of abolition and women’s rights

Black female abolitionist known for her work with the Underground Railroad

Nat Turner

Utopian Communities

Led a slave rebellion against white owners, killed over 50 Virginians, state and local troops eventually stopped the rebellion

Ideal societies, Brook Farm - cooperative community in Massachusetts, Oneida - religious society in New York, New Harmony, and Shakers - religious group that didn’t believe in marrying or having kids

Election of 1800

Convention of 1800

Jefferson won, despite being disliked by many of the Federalists, demonstrated that the power could be peacefully transferred despite disagreements between the parties

Ended the Quasi War with France

Bill of Rights

John C. Calhoun

List of rights that were demanded by the Anti-federalists in order to approve the new Constitution

Vice president who write the South Carolina Protest and Exposition against tarrifs

Embargo Act

Farewell Warnings

The act that prevented the United States from trading with Europe before the War of 1812

Last message by George Washington to the nation as President, spoke about the dangers of political parties and foreign affairs

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Hartford Convention

Supported the Tariff of 1789, wanted the bonds that were issued to fund the Revolutionary War to be redeemed at full value, believed that if this was done then the wealthy bankers & merchants who owned bonds would be supportive of the new government, opposed by James Madison, plan favored the Federalists

Group of Federalists met to discuss secession from the Union because of the War of 1812, however a series of constitutional amendments were called for to increase the power of the New England region, many saw this as a lack of nationalism and led to the downfall of the Federalist party

John Adams

Alien & Sedition Acts

George Washington

2nd president of the United States, elected in 1769

Laws aimed at hurting the Democratic-Republicans, passed by the Federalists in Congress to suppress the opposition in the nation during the XYZ Affair, immigrants had to wait 14 years to become citizens, gave president the power to deport without trial, any alien thought to be a danger to the United States, limited freedom of speech and press, made it illegal for people to criticize the US government in times of war

Leader of the Colonial Army during the Revolutionary War, president of the Constitutional Convention, 1st president of the United States

Virginia Plan

Democratic Republicans

Plan presented in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that represented the interests of the larger states, plan of government similar to modern government

Led by Jefferson and Madison, supporters were the South, West, and farmers, believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution, not in the Constitution, can’t do it, state’s rights

Federal Government Powers

Federalist

Enumerated, delegated, expressed, and exclusive powers are all powers that belong to this part of the government

People who supported a strong national government, led by Alexander Hamilton, this group tended to favor policies that benefited the businessmen of the nation, believed in loose interpretation of the constitution

Pro-Slavery

Republican Party

Scott v. Sanford

Position of most southern democrats

This party was formed to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act and had a free soil position on slavery

Important court case that helped lead to the Civil War, case determined that African Americans could not be citizen and the Missouri Compromise was illegal, Supreme Court case that overruled all compromises on slavery

Anti-Federalists

Articles of Confederation

This group was in opposition to the new Constitution because they believed it had too much power and lacked a bill of rights, Patrick Henry was a very vocal leader

First National Government formed by the states after winning their independence from Britain, lasted from 1781-1787, very weak national government

Cabinet

Concurrent Powers

Group created by Washington to advise him on important policy matters, originally composed of Hamilton, Jefferson, and Henry Knox

Powers of the government that are shared by all levels of government

Slave Codes

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A set of laws that formally regulated slavery and defined the relationship between enslaved Africans and free people

Book written by Abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe that described the evils of slavery

Constitutional Convention

Embargo

Enumerated Powers

Meeting that began in 1787, purpose of the meeting was to fix the problems of the Articles of Confederation

Governmental ban on all trade from a country, said couldn’t trade with other country

Powers directly mentioned in the Constitution

The Great Compromise (Conneticut Compromise)

Alexander Hamilton

Agreement between the large and small states to have a bicameral Congress based on population and equality of the states: House of Representatives and Senate

Leader of the Federalist Party, wrote many articles of the Federalist Papers, became the first Secretary of Treasury, helped establish the National Bank

Thomas Jefferson

New Jersey Plan

Author of the Declaration of Independence, became president during the Revolution of 1800

Plan presented at the Constitutional Convention that represented the views of the smaller states

Reserved Powers

Shay’s Rebellion

Powers that belong only to the states

Rebellion that proved the weakness of the Articles of Confederation, started in Massachusetts in 1787

“No taxation without representation”

Northwest Ordinance

Famous idea which explains the reasoning for many of the Colonial protests of British Taxation during the pre-Revolutionary period

Law that set up the process of statehood, and also banned slavery from the northern territories of the nation, one of the first laws Congress passed

Robert E. Lee

Liberty Party

Commanding General of the Confederate army during the Civil War, won several battles being outnumbered in every battle

Party that was completely opposed to slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Popular Sovereignty

Famous political race for the Senate seat of Illinois, “Freeport Doctrine” was developed during the campaign as a method to resist the spread of slavery

Voters of a territory decide on the issue of slavery (whether they want to have slaves or not have slaves)

James K. Polk

John L. Sullivan

U.S. President most associated with Manifest Destiny (“54’40 or Fight!”)

He coined/created/popularized the term “Manifest Destiny”

Oregon Territory

Oregon Trail

This territory was divided between the U.S. and Britain

Most popular east-west route used by the settlers to travel west

Mexican War

War began in 1845 and lasted to 1848, “Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo” where U.S. gained California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada

Zachary Taylor

Texas Territory

General sent to provoke a war with Mexico, later became the president of the U.S.

This territory gained its independence from Mexico

Manifest Destiny

Cyrus McCormick

Idea that the U.S. should expand its borders from ocean to ocean, led to the addition of Louisiana, Texas, Mexican War and Oregon territories

Inventor of the mechanical reaper, this helped settle the west

Abraham Lincoln

Illinois Whig Representative to Congress who questioned the justness of the war with Mexico, debated Stephen Douglas, Republican candidate and winner of the 1860 presidential election, president during the Civil War, gave the Gettysburg Address, assassinated in 1865

John Deere

Election of 1844

Inventor of the steel tipped plow, this helped settle the West\

James K. Polk was a Dark Horse candidate who won the election, promised to annex Texas as well as the Oregon Territory and buy California from Mexico, appealed to both sides because he was willing to keep the balance between slave and free states

Santa Anna

Stephen Austin

Mexican president/dictator, in power during the Mexican American War, defeated U.S. men at the Battle of the Alamo

Helped settle Texas, became the Convention’s president, imprisoned Santa Anna, urged Texans to organize an Army to fight Santa Anna

“54’40 or Fight!”

Gadsden Purchase

Sam Houston

The slogan used to declare the border between the US and Canada, Polk agreed to the 49th parallel as the border

The last land acquired to make the 49 continental United States

1st president of the Republic of Texas

Kit Carson

Chief Joseph

Example of a “mountain man” that helped explore the West

Indian leader of the Nez Perce Indians who avoided capture for several years by evading the army on a 1000 mile journey to Canada, surrendered and said he “would fight no more”

David Walker

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

1st well-known abolitionist, free African American from NC, published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World which advocated that violence and rebellion were the only ways to win slavery

Solved the boundary dispute between the US and Canada (Britain) by establishing the border between the US and Canada from Maine to Minnesota

Worcester V. Georgia

Cherokees sued the States of Georgia to challenge the state’s attempt to extend its power over the Cherokee Lands, Chief Justice Marshall ordered that the Indians won, Jackson disagreed saying “Marshall has made his opinion, now let him enforce it.”

Whig Party

Calvin Wiley

Supported a stronger federal government, industrial & commercial development, and free soil

Led education reform in the South

Eli Whitney

11th Amendment

Invented interchangeable parts and the cotton gin which greatly increased the importance of cotton in the South, also led to a growth in the use of slavery

A lawsuit brought against a state must be tried in state court

Brigham Young

10th Amendment

Took over as leader of the Mormons when Joseph Smith was killed, led his people westward to Utah

Powers not given to the United States by the Constitution are reserved for the states

1860

Bleeding Kansas

Election of Abraham Lincoln, led to the secession of the Southern states because he was elected without electoral votes from the Southern states

Scene of territorial fighting between proslavery and antislavery settlers, 200 people died and $2 million worth of property was destroyed

John Brown

California Gold Rush

Northern abolitionist who tried to arm slaves by raiding the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, was captured and was eventually hung as a martyr to the abolitionist cause

First discovered in 1848, large influx of people in 1849 led to early statehood, these people who searched for gold were called 49ers

Compromise of 1850

Used popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

• California admitted as a free states, North likes

• Popular Sovereignty to determine slavery issues in Utah and New Mexico Territories, both South and North like

• Texas border dispute with New Mexico resolved, Texas gets $10 million, South likes

• Slave Trade but not slavery is abolished in DC, North likes

• Strong enforcement of the new Fugitive Slave Act, South likes

Radical Republicans

Scalawags

Sharecropper

Members of Lincoln’s party who wanted to abolish slavery and punish the South for the war

Term for white southerners who cooperated with reconstruction

Farmer who works the land for an owner who provides equipment, seed, and receives a share of the crop

Compromise of 1877

Freedmen’s Bureau

Deal made so that Rutherford Hayes wins the Electoral College, and the result was the removal of troops from the South, which ended Reconstruction

Reconstruction agency formed to help war torn areas of the South and to help former slaves adjust to their new lives, established many schools for former slaves

Cattle Drive/Long Drive

Chief Sitting Bull

George A. Custer

this was the process of taking cattle to the nearest railroad station to get them to Northern cities, usually took several weeks

Leader of the Sioux Plains Indians

Leader of the 7th Cavalry in the Plains wars

Grandfather Clause

Rutherford B. Hayes

Jim Crow Laws

Clause that allowed those who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their grandfathers had voted before reconstruction

Republican candidate in the 1876 election who became president in exchange for ending reconstruction

Laws passed during and after Reconstruction that officially segregated the races in the North and South

Implied Powers

Impressment

Powers of the government which are not written in the Constitution, but come from the necessary and proper clause

The seizing of American sailors by the British

Carpetbaggers

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Northerners who came from the South to implement the policies of the Reconstruction, many wanted to gain positions of power in government office and others came for profit

Granted citizenship to all persons born in the US except Native Americans, allowed property ownership, ensured they would be treated equally, gave federal government the power to sue those who violated these rights, set stage for the 14th amendment

15th Amendment

Black Codes

Amendment that gave voting rights to all men

Laws passed in the South after the Civil War to attempt to control the freedmen and to allow plantation owners to exploit the African American workers, ex; required to enter into annual labor contracts, set specific work hours, etc.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

14th Amendment

A person can not be imprisoned unless charged with a crime & given a trial, Lincoln suspended this during the Civil War

Amendment that defines citizenship and equal protection under the law

Louisiana Purchase

Marbury V. Madison

Land that was acquired from France in 1803 by Thomas Jefferson, more than doubled the size of the nation, the 1st land added to the United States

Famous Supreme Court case that set up the power of judicial review

John Marshall

Midnight Judges

Famous Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, responsible for making the Supreme Court into a powerful branch of the federal government, greatly enhanced the power of the court with the ruling in Marbury V. Madison

Federalist judges who were appointed by President Adams on the last night of his presidency to give power to the Federalists

James Madison

Jay’s Treaty

President during the War of 1812, convinced Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse Act

Treaty between the US and Britain that gave Britain the right to seize our ships headed to France, gave the Most-Favored Nation status, Britain gave up forts in our territory & agreed to 3rd party arbitration, Treaty angered the Dem-Reps, helped us negotiate Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain

Andrew Jackson

Judiciary Act of 1789

Known as the Common Man’s President, began the Spoils system, pushed through the Indian Removal Act of 1830 which was to provide money for relocating the Native Americans, removed the Indians from the East, war hero in the Battle of New Orleans in 1812, U.S. president who “killed” the 2nd National Bank

established 13 district courts, 3 courts of appeals and the Supreme Court, John Jay was chosen by Washington to become the 1st Chief Justice

XYZ Affair

Scandal involving the French, a bribe, and the refusal of America to pay the bribe, occurred while John Adams, led to the Quasi-War with France

John Quincy Adams

Adams-Onis Treaty

He won the 1824 election by a vote of the House of Representatives in what became known as the “corrupt bargain”

This treaty acquired Florida from Spain

Speculate

Daniel Webster

When you buy something (land, stocks, etc.) in hopes of selling it at a profit

Debated Robert Haynes and defended the supremacy of the national government over the states

Corrupt Bargain

The accusation that a deal was made between Clay and Adams, the “deal” was Clay would arrange votes in the House of Representatives for Adams to become president and Adams would give Clay a spot on his cabinet

British-American Convention

Henry Clay

This set the boundary between the Louisiana Territory and Canada at the 49th parallel

Proposed the American System, national Republican candidate for President

American System

Nicholas Biddle

Program of internal improvements, includes roads, bridges, canals, a national bank system, and a protective tariff, proposed by John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay

President of the National Bank, supported Henry Clay in the 1882 election

George McClellan

William Tecumseh Sherman

Cautious Union General who was replaced and later ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election

Union General associated with “total war” who led the march through the South (march to the Sea) in 1864, destroying several southern cities including Atlanta, “War is Hell”

Jefferson Davis

Emancipation Proclamation

President of the Confederate States of America

Presidential statement that officially freed all slaves that were being held in enemy territory during the Civil War, designed to give the war a higher purpose and to keep more states from seceding

Gettysburg Address

Ulysses S. Grant

Short speech by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a battlefield cemetery in Nov. 1863, talked about the will of the people to finish the great task remaining before us

Eventual leader of the Union Armies in the Civil War, captured Vicksburg and pursued Lee’s army relentlessly in 1865 to end the war, led the North to victory, later became president

Greenbacks

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

A piece of US paper money 1st issued by the north during the Civil War

Top Confederate General who often times took command of half of lee’s army to outmaneuver the larger Union forces, was accidentally killed at Chancelorsville

Battle of Bull Run

Battle of Gettysburg

Battle of Vicksburg

Copperheads

1st battle between northern and southern armies, Confederate victory

Turning point of the war due to Confederate casualties, took place in July 1863 in Pennsylvania, Lee was defeated by George Meade’s

This battle completed Union capture of the Mississippi River

Term for northern democrats in the North who wanted to make peace with the South

Anaconda Plan

Appomattox

John Wilkes Booth

Battle of Antietam

Plan of union leaders to cut the Confederacy into two parts and cut off all trade with other nations, accomplished by a Union blockade and the fall of Vicksburg in 1863

Where the South surrendered, General Lee surrendered to General Grant

Assassinated Lincoln, was a Confederate sympathizer

Lincoln issued the emancipation Proclamation after this battle, bloodiest battle

Underground Railroad

Wilmot Proviso

13th Amendment

Network for safe houses that helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the northern lands, Harriet Tubman was the most famous of its leaders

Proposed to outlaw slavery in the Mexican Cession

Amendment that banned slavery

Dartmouth V. Woodward

Era of Good Feelings

Robert Fulton

Gibbons V. Ogden

Supeme Court case that protected contract and property rights from states

Phrase used to describe Madison’s presidency due to the fact both political parties worked together

helped create the steamboat engine which made River travel faster and more reliable

Supreme Court case that stated that anything that crossed state boundaries was under the federal government control, this made sure that federal law would take precedence over state law

War of 1812

War Hawks

Whiskey Rebellion

War against Britain, fought over continued harassment of Americans, trading rights, and impressment, major battles in Washington and New Orleans, ended with the Treaty of Ghent

Members of Congress from the South and West that wanted war with Britain

This was done by the farmers who opposed the tax on the manufacturing of whiskey, Washington sent in troops to put down the rebellion, helped establish the power of the national government

Nationalism

New Orleans

Non-Intercourse Act

Strong feelings of patriotism for one’s country

Famous Battle in War of 1812 that was unnecessary because a peace treaty had already been signed, Americans led by Andrew Jackson defeated the British in battle

Act passed by Congress during Madison’s presidency, act forbade trade with Britain and France but authorized the president to reopen trade with the country that removed its trade restrictions against the United States first

Pinckney Treaty

Proclamation of Neutrality

Quasi-War

This treaty gave the United States the right to navigate (transport goods) the Mississippi River and established the right of deposit (the ability to use this port to transport our goods around the world) for America at the port of New Orleans

This document best demonstrates Washington’s foreign policy, believed that we needed to stay out of the affairs of other countries, believed that if we didn’t we would lose our independence

Undeclared war at sea between the United States and France

Abolition

James Fennimore Cooper

Against slavery everywhere

Wrote stories of French and Indian war such as Last of the Mohicans

Samuel Morse

Nativism

Nullification Crisis of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Inventor of the telegraph

Hostility towards foreigners

Crisis involved the state of South Carolina and the high level of federal tariffs, SC threatened secession if the tariff wasn’t lowered, occured while Jackson was President

Edgar Allen Poe

Second Great Awakening

Seneca Falls Convention

Writer of Horror Tales

Religious revival movement that swept the nation

Women’s rights assembly that re-wrote the Declaration of Independence from a women’s point of view, led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, located at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848

Washington Irving

Know-Nothings

Horace Mann

Wrote folk tales of Dutch settlers such as Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Small political party that was anti-immigration

Led education reform in the North

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Nullification

Secretly written by Jefferson and Madison criticizing the Alien and Sedition Acts, proposed the idea of nullification

The powers of the states to declare a law unconstitutional, a term that describes a states attempt to ignore a law passed by Congress

Great Silence

Monroe Doctrine

Mudslinging

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Describes the unwillingness of Congress to address the issues of slavery

Presidential statement that informed other nations of the intention of the US to keep other nations from intervening in the hemisphere, 1820

Term for negative attacks on candidates during elections

This treaty removed warships from the Great Lakes following the War of 1812

Sectionalism

Tecumseh

Treaty of Greenville

Division between different parts of the United States, George Washington warned the United States about this in his Farewell Address, one of the reasons for the Civil War

Indian leader who wanted to form a confederation of Indians to win back Indian lands

Treaty signed by the Indians to give up parts of Indiana and Ohio in exchange of $10,000, signed after the Battle of Fallen Timbers