Motivation & Achievement

Achievement

Grades and performance on standardized tests.

Engagement

Related to achievement; involves behavioral, cognitive, and affective aspects.

Behavioral Engagement

Involvement in classroom activities and effort spent on schoolwork.

Cognitive Engagement

Attention in class, planning, and monitoring academic work.

Affective Engagement

Interest in school and emotional involvement.

Normative Changes

Engagement tends to decline from elementary to middle school and from middle to high school.

Peer culture

Impact of peer perceptions on children's engagement and behaviors.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that intelligence is a fixed trait and cannot be changed.

Growth Mindset

Belief that intelligence can be developed through effort and perseverance.

Performance Goal

Goal focused on demonstrating intelligence and getting good grades.

Mastery Goal

Goal aimed at improving skills and gaining knowledge.

Mindset about Intelligence

Beliefs that influence students' engagement and achievement.

General Praise Conditions

Types of praise that affect children's mindset toward ability and effort.

Growth Mindsets

Mindset that can help mitigate effects of poverty on achievement.

Carol Dweck Paradigm

Framework for understanding children's responses to challenges and failure.

Poor stage-environment fit

Mismatch between children's developmental needs and the school environment.

Cultural specifics

Differences in engagement and peer perceptions between countries like the U.S. and China.

Engagement declines

The process where children's interest and involvement in school decrease over time.