THEO 10001

Pentateuch

• First 5 books of the Old Testament

• Forms the foundational history and beliefs

• Genesis

• Exodus

• Leviticus

• Numbers

• Deuteronomy

Deuterocanonical/Apocrypha

• books not accepted by protestants or Hebrews

• Apocrypha = “outside of the canon”

Text Criticism

trying to figure out what the original text was by comparing manuscripts

Source Criticism

authorship, could there be more than 1 author? what materials correlate to which author

Form Criticism

looking at myths, genealogies, styles, and how that might influence the text — looing at pieces within

4 Categories of the Old Testament

1. Pentateuch

2. Historical Books

3. Major/Minor Prophets

4. Wisdom/Poetry Books

Redaction criticism

what are the motives or theologies of an editor, what have they done (edited) and what is the story behind it, looks primarily at the received text

Archaeology

is there evidence for features discussed/described in the text

Period of the Judges

• 1200-1000 BC

• judges are ruling

David

• 1000 BC

• prophet and king → kingdom

Solomon

• 960 BC

• first temple built

Kingdom splits

• 922 BC

• division of land allocated to tribe of Israel

  • 2 tribes (Judah + Benjamin) given Southern Kingdom

    • where temple is → more religious and law-abiding

  • 10 tribes given northern kingdom

    • more rebellious

  • tribe of Levi (priests)

    • nomadic

    • closer proximity to the temple

Assyrian Exile

• 722/1 BC

Josiah’s Reform

• 621 BC

• idea and importance of law

Babylonian exile

• 587 BC (6th century)

Return from Exile

• 539 BC (6th century)

• 2nd temple is built

Alexander the Great

• 332 BC (4th century)

Judas Maccabeus

• 164 BC (2nd century)

Pompey captures Judea

• 64 BC (1st century)

2nd Temple Destroyed

• 70 AD (1st century AD)

Documentary Hypothesis

• the idea that there are different hands that came together and put together (or redacted) the Pentateuch, which led to certain narrative nuances

• some influence due to passing on / multiple authors

J-source

• Yahwist

• 922 BC (10th century)

• authors from southern kingdom

• 2 distinction

  • use yahweh to speak of God

  • portray God as human-like

E-source

• Elohist

• 922 BC (10th century)

• northern kingdom author

• distinctions

  • Eloheim used as a title for God

  • an important feature for authors using dreams or metaphors

D-source

• Deuteronomist

• author most commonly attributed to Deuteronomy

• isolated book

• bring back order and law

P-source

• Priestly

• 6th century

• most recent

• deals with an array of things to do with accessing the temple

• fixated on very detailed, ritualistic things

5 covenants

1. Noahic

2. Abrahamic

3. Mosaic

4. Davidic

5. Messianic

Noahic covenant

• type

  • royal grant

  • one-way

  • unilateral

  • unconditional

• duration

  • everlasting

• symbol

  • rainbow

• timing

  • 2348 BC

  • after the flood

• beneficiary

  • made w/ noah and his descendants

• purpose

  • to secure the earth as a STAGE for the restitution of all things

Abrahamic covenant

• type

  • royal grant

  • one-way

  • unilateral

  • unconditional

• duration

  • everlasting

• symbol

  • circumcision

• timing

  • 1913 BC

  • just after the Tower of Babel

• beneficiary

  • made with Abraham and his descendants (Israel)

• purpose

  • to secure and innumerable SEED to enjoy the land and blessing

Mosaic covenant

• type

  • suzerain

  • two-way

  • bilateral

  • conditional

• duration

  • temporary, renewed 7x

• symbol

  • the sabbath

• timing

  • 1491 BC

  • after Israel left Egypt

  • abolished in the death of Christ

• beneficiary

  • made with Israel

  • no connection with the church

• purpose

  • added as a temporary supervisor to teach righteous STANDARDS and magnify sin until Christ came

Davidic covenant

• type

  • royal grant

  • one-way

  • unilateral

  • unconditional

• duration

  • everlasting

• symbol

  • Christ’s resurrection and enthronement

• timing

  • 1042 BC

  • between the past chaos of the judges period and the future in the era of a divided Kingdom of Israel

• beneficiary

  • made with David and his royal seed

• purpose

  • secures a son of David as SOVERIGN to sit on a throne and reign forever

Messianic covenant

• type

  • royal grant

  • one-way

  • unilateral

  • unconditional

• duration

  • everlasting

• symbol

  • bread and cup

• timing

  • 33 AD

  • the day Jesus was crucified

• beneficiary

  • enjoyed by believers spiritually now

• purpose

  • replaces old covenant

  • secures SALVATION