HIS 1043 Exam 2 Hansen

Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals, creation of new religious denominations, and how the Bible is taught at church

Enlightenment

Age of reason; based on logic and concept of natural law: you need facts to prove something

Pluralism

Toleration; It is okay to disagree with each other in order to prevent religious wars; tolerance of the acceptance of science into religion

Disestablishment

Separation of church and state; the colonies gradually disestablish all official churches so that they coexist instead of supporting one religion' larger freedom of religion

Social Compact

Says that only legit government is based on the consent of the governed; only way political authority is legit

Mercantilism

Dominant economic theory during the late 1600's; all nations should always export more than what they import, they should sell for higher prices than what they buy, and the colonies job is to support England and should never compete with the mother country

Navigation Acts

Requires that certain products can only be shipped to England on English-owned ships; any ship that does business with England must have a majority of English crew, only certain products can be manufactured in the colonies

Molasses Act

Trade regulations to stop trade between the French and the colonies; this product was used to make rum

New Light

embraced the revivalist spirit of the Great Awakening, advocating for a more emotional and passionate approach to religion. They believed in the necessity of personal conversion experiences and the direct relationship between the individual and God

Old Light

adhered to more traditional, conservative religious practices and beliefs. They emphasized the importance of established church authority, rationality, and a gradual approach to conversion.

Evangelicalism

New light congregation, the word of God is never wrong, Bible is the only source of teaching; you going to heaven is your choice, the church is to guide you, enthusiastic style of recruiting members and democratizes religion so everyone has a chance for salvation

Deism

God as a distant creator, no miracles, reason-based religion.

Rationalism

Intellectual movement, a rule-based explanation for the cause of events, gives normal people power, rejects the church and nobility

Proclamation of 1763

The primary purpose was to prevent American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, thereby protecting Native American lands and reducing conflicts between settlers and Indigenous peoples. The Proclamation aimed to organize colonial expansion and maintain British control over the colonies, establishing a framework for future relations with Native Americans.

Internal/direct tax

Stamp Act, to collect revenue for the government

External/indirect tax

Tariff, tax on imports

Sons of Liberty

The Sons of Liberty were a secretive, radical colonial organization that led protests against British taxation and played a pivotal role in the American Revolution.

The Sons of Liberty emerged in 1765 in response to the Stamp Act, which imposed taxes on printed materials in the American colonies without representation in Parliament

Boston Massacre

Started by Boston residents boycotting and threatening British officials due to the enforcement of the Townsend Acts. In response, the 14th and 29th regiments of the British army were dispatched to Boston, where they arrived in October 1768. The killing of Christopher Reid, an 11-year-old boy, incited the mob to a point of conflict with the British soldiers, which led to the death of multiple colonists.

Boston Tea Party

On the night of December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty, a group of American patriots, disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians to conceal their identities. They boarded three ships—the Dartmouth, the Eleanor, and the Beaver—anchored in Boston Harbor and proceeded to dump 342 chests of tea. This act was a direct response to the Tea Act of 1773, which granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies

1st Continental Congress

The First Continental Congress met from 5 September to 26 October 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, bringing together 56 delegates from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) to coordinate a unified response to the Intolerable Acts.

Non-Importation

The Non-Importation Movement was a colonial boycott of British goods aimed at pressuring Britain to repeal unpopular taxes and assert American economic and political rights.

Mobilization

Beyond just the mobilization of individuals to join conflicts and boycotts. The 1st continental congress started the idea of economic and possible military mobilization with the pending idea of conflict and inter-colonial cooperation.

Hell fire & brimstone

style of preaching often using terrifying descriptions of hell and damnation to provoke repentance

Committees of Correspondence

The first Committees of Correspondence were established in Boston in 1764 to oppose the Currency Act and other unpopular British measures, with Samuel Adams playing a central role in their development. By 1773, similar committees had been established in other colonies, including Virginia, Connecticut, New York, and South Carolina, creating a network of intercolonial communication

2nd Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was the assembly of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met from May 10, 1775, to March 1, 1781, serving as the de facto national government during the American Revolution and ultimately adopting the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.

Whigs

The more liberal British party opposed the King. A major U.S. political party from 1833 to 1854. The Whig Party emerged in the 1830s as a coalition of former National Republicans, Anti-Masonic Party members, and disaffected Democrats who opposed President Andrew Jackson's strong executive style, which they viewed as "executive tyranny" or "King Andrew" behavior.

Tories/Loyalists

More conservative party. Tories, or Loyalists, were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed independence and supported British rule.

Patriots

Patriots, also called Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs, were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who resisted British governance and supported independence, ultimately helping to launch the American Revolution.

Virtual representation

the British claim that Parliament represented all subjects, including American colonists, even without direct colonial elections, a concept rejected by the colonists and a key cause of the Revolution

Battle of Saratoga

The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) led to British General John Burgoyne's surrender on October 17, 1777.The Battles of Saratoga consisted of two engagements—Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights—fought near Saratoga, New York. They marked a turning point in the American Revolution by convincing France to formally ally with the United States

Militias

providing local defense, guerrilla warfare, manpower for the Continental Army, and strategic disruption of British operations.

Continental Army

The Continental Army served as the primary military force of the Thirteen Colonies, securing American independence through strategic battles, perseverance, and leadership under George Washington.

Battle of Trenton

The Battle of Trenton took place on December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey, during the American Revolution. General George Washington led the Continental Army in a daring surprise attack against a garrison of Hessian mercenaries hired by the British, following a hazardous crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25-26.

Common Sense

A pamphlet published anonymously in Philadelphia on January 10, 1776, by Thomas Paine's goal was to convince the public that independence was not only possible but necessary.

Consent of the governed

The consent of the governed was a central political principle in the American Revolution, declaring that governments derive their just powers from the people's agreement to be governed. This idea stood in direct contrast to the divine right of kings, which the British monarchy claimed, and instead asserted that political authority comes from the people, not from God or hereditary rule.

Salutary neglect

Salutary neglect was a crucial policy that allowed the American colonies to develop a sense of autonomy and self-governance, ultimately contributing to their desire for independence from British rule.

Townshend Duties

a series of British laws passed in 1766 and 1767 under Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend. They were designed to raise revenue from the American colonies to pay the salaries of colonial governors and judges, enforce trade regulations, and punish New York for defying the Quartering Act.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, played a crucial role in unifying the colonies during the Revolutionary War. Initially, many colonists were hesitant to fully separate from Great Britain. However, as tensions escalated and the conflict intensified, the declaration provided a clear and compelling rationale for independence. It articulated the colonies' grievances against King George III and framed their struggle as a fight for fundamental rights and self-determination.

Suffolk Resolves

The Suffolk Resolves were a series of declarations made on September 9, 1774, by leaders from Suffolk County, Massachusetts, in response to the Intolerable Acts imposed by the British Parliament. The Resolves rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and called for a boycott of British goods until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. They were written by Joseph Warren and endorsed by the First Continental Congress.

Declaratory Act

The Declaratory Act of 1766 asserted that the British Parliament had full authority to make laws binding the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The Declaratory Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 18, 1766, on the same day the Stamp Act was repealed.

Stamp Act

The Stamp Act, passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765, required that many printed materials in the American colonies—including newspapers, legal documents, pamphlets, playing cards, and diplomas—be produced on stamped paper purchased from London, with an embossed revenue stamp indicating the tax had been paid.

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act, formally known as the American Revenue Act of 1764, was a British law aimed at raising revenue from the American colonies. It was enacted to end the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and to provide increased revenues to fund British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian War.

French & Indian War

The French and Indian War was part of a larger global conflict known as the Seven Years' War. It primarily involved Great Britain and France, along with French Native American allies. The war began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which significantly altered the territorial landscape of North America under British control.

Lexington & Concord

Lexington and Concord were the sites of the first battles of the American Revolutionary War on April 19, 1775, marking the start of the colonies' fight for independence. The Battles of Lexington and Concord occurred in Massachusetts when British troops attempted to seize colonial military supplies and suppress potential rebellion.

Communication networks

were essential for coordinating resistance, spreading ideas, and unifying the colonies against British rule.These networks ensured that news of British actions—such as the Boston Massacre or the Townshend Acts—reached communities quickly, fostering unity and mobilizing public support. They also promoted patriotic measures, like boycotting British goods, and helped suppress Loyalist influence.

Intolerable Acts

The Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts, were a series of punitive laws enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the Massachusetts colony for its role in the Boston Tea Party. These acts included measures such as closing Boston Harbor and revoking Massachusetts' charter, aiming to reassert British authority in the American colonies.

"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

a powerful sermon by Jonathan Edwards, delivered in 1741, that emphasizes the precarious state of sinners and the wrath of God.

The sermon was preached during the First Great Awakening. Edwards aimed to awaken his congregation to the reality of sin and the consequences of living without faith in God.

George Whitefield

George Whitefield was a traveling evangelist during the Great Awakening who used an innovative preaching style and expressed the need for people to be "born again." He changed preaching in America and helped to unify the colonies prior to the American Revolution.

Self-sufficiency

a response to the loss of British trade, a call for economic independence, and a reflection of the colonists' desire to live without reliance on foreign systems.

Free holders/yeoman farmers

A freeholder is a person who owns land outright, free from any landlord or rent obligations, usually for a long-term or lifetime period. A yeoman farmer is a freeholder who owns and cultivates a small landed estate, often in rural or agricultural settings

French Alliance

The Franco-American Alliance was established on February 6, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, marking a crucial partnership between France and the United States. This alliance provided the American colonies with military and financial support, helping them in their struggle for independence from Great Britain. Formalized through two key treaties: the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance.

Women in the Revolution

Many women joined the military community by becoming nurses, cooks, and laundresses; those who stayed at home faced difficulties of housing men and concealing weapons; some women became spies for the Patriots' cause.

Slaves in the Revolution

serving both in combat and labor, often motivated by promises of freedom from the British or Patriot forces. About 20,000 slaves ran off and joined the British side; Though some slaves ventured off to Europe, the ones that remained in the US were returned to Americans after the signing of the Treaty of Paris; the slaves were not guaranteed their freedom.

Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware — were central to the Revolutionary War due to their strategic location, economic strength, and political diversity. At the outbreak of the Revolution, many Middle Colonials were Loyalists, especially in New York and Pennsylvania, where merchants and Quakers opposed independence.

Glorious Revolution

The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) was the peaceful overthrow of King James II of England, replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband William III, establishing parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy. Fueled fears of absolute monarchy and a Catholic dynasty. Were intensified by the birth of his son, as it threatened a Catholic succession.

"Empire of goods"

illustrates the material affluence experienced by British colonists in America during the 18th century. This era was characterized by a significant increase in consumption and the availability of a wide array of goods imported from Britain, which transformed the social and economic landscape of the colonies.

Battle of Yorktown

The Battle of Yorktown, fought from September 28 to October 19, 1781, was a pivotal siege during the American Revolutionary War. It involved a joint Franco-American campaign that successfully trapped British General Charles Cornwallis and his army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, leading to their surrender. This victory effectively ended major military operations in the war and paved the way for peace negotiations, culminating in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.