Modern World History Unit 2

Define the Scientific Revolution and when it happened

A new way of thinking about the natural world, occurred in the 1500s

Explain who controlled “the truth” in science, religion and politics before the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

The church, bible, ancient thinkers

Explain the punishment to those who challenged the the church

Persecution, execution, house arrest, recantation

Explain how Nicolaus Copernicus challenged established belief

He reasoned that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun

How are the geocentric and heliocentric theories different?

Geocentric was where earth was in the center of the solar system, in heliocentric, earth and other planets revolved around the sun

Explain the controversial discoveries of Galileo Galilei and the church’s reaction

He published a book supporting the heliocentric theory and the church was not happy because it went against church beliefs

Explain the important discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton

Laws of motion, universal gravitation

Explain how the beliefs of Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon influenced the Scientific Revolution, what method did they pioneer?

They rejected old teachings, wanted new discoveries, and pioneered the Scientific method.

Define the enlightenment, what it was also known as, and where & when it took place

Intellectual movement that stressed reason, observation of the world and power of individuals to solve problems, was in western Europe, and during the 1700s

Describe how reason and natural rights impacted Enlightenment philosophers during & after the Enlightenment

People sought new insight into their beliefs including who should have power over them, and their relationship with their government

Explain what Thomas Hobbes believed about the character of man and how he should be ruled, what did he say was the best form of government?

Believed men were born naturally selfish and wicked, kings keep people in check, best gov was social contract

define & explain Hobbes’ social contract, including responsibilities for ruler & subject

The people hand over certain rights to a powerful leader in return for law and order

Explain what John Locke believed about natural rights

People were born with 3 natural rights, life, liberty and property

Explain how Thomas Jefferson was inspired by Locke

“Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

Voltaire’s key belief

freedom of speech

Montesquieu’s key belief

separation of powers, checks and balances

What were Rousseau’s thoughts on the social contract?

Believed it should be among citizens rather than among a monarch, direct democracy

Identify Beccaria’s key beliefs

Believed laws existed to preserve social order, speedy trial and no torture/death penalty

Identify Mary Wollstonecraft’s key beliefs

That women’s education should be = to men’s, wanted women to be in politics and medicine

Relate the demands of the American colonists to the ideas of Enlightenment philosophers

motivated American colonists to overthrow bad government

Identify the author of the Declaration of Independence, and his main inspiration

Thomas Jefferson, inspired by John Locke

Define democracy’s roots, where was first developed & practiced

“rule by the people” Greece, latin, greeks

Explain why America is considered a republic

We elect representatives to make decisions

Explain what separation of powers and checks and balances mean in the US government

3 branches of gov, limit each others power

Define the Old Regime in France in the 1700s

Political system, 3 estates

What government did the French have before the French Revolution?

Absolute monarchy

King of France 1789

Louis XVI (16)

Queen of France 1789

Marie Atoinette

Where did the king and queen reside prior to the revolution?

Palace of Versailles

Define first estate

Clergy/church, paid little to no taxes, privileged

Define second estate

Nobles/merchants/upper middle class, did not agree with enlightenment ideas

Define third estate

97% of population, common people, paid most taxes

What were the privileges of the first and second estate?

Little taxes, always outvoted 3rd estate

Define the bourgeoisie

middle class, merchants, traders

analyze how American Revolution was a factor in the French revolution

economic struggles

What was the first deliberate act in the French Revolution

National Assembly

July 14, 1789 in Paris

Storm of Bastille, mob searching for gunpowder and weapons, released all prisoners and killed guards

Key concepts in the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

“liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.”

Describe the great fear

Rumors spread that peasants were in danger so they broke into nobles homes and killed them

What was the ultimate fate of the King/queen prior to revolution

they were both executed by guillotine

What was the radical group led by Robspierre

Jacobins/committee of public safety

Time that Robspierre ruled France

Reign of Terror

Ultimate fate of Robspierre

arrested and executed by guillotine

Describe “coup d’etat” and who came to power in France through one

sudden seizure of power, Napoleon