Chapter 1 - Disease Processes

What is disease?

A measurable and tangible condition that affects the normal functioning of the body.

What is infection?

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in the body.

ex: fungi, protozoa, bacteria, viruses and parasites

What are the types of pathogens?

Types of pathogens include fungi, protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

What is trauma?

An injury or wound caused by external force or violence.

Organs underneath the place of the trauma is most important to take care of after the incident

What are common causes of disease?

Common causes include direct trauma, physical agents/poisons, infection, genetic abnormalities, and metabolic or nutritional disturbances.

What is the difference between illness and disease?

Illness refers to the subjective experience of symptoms, while disease refers to the objective pathological condition.

What are predisposing factors for disease?

Predisposing factors include lifestyle, gender, external environment, hereditary factors, and age.

What are hereditary diseases?

Diseases that are passed down through genetic inheritance.

What are the classifications of hereditary diseases?

Classifications include monogenic disorders, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked disorders, chromosomal disorders, and multifactorial disorders.

What is inflammation?

A biological response to harmful stimuli, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, heat, or loss of function.

What is an illness?

A health problem as it is experienced by the affected individual (patient perspective)

Diseases in nature can be

Viral, bacterial or even autoimmune

What are the effects of physical and chemical agents?

Effects include extreme heat, electric shock, poisoning, ionizing radiation, and injuries from bites or near-drowning.

What is neoplasia?

New growth or new formation. The process of abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to tumors.

Tumor

Abnormal tissue growth

Benign

mild, not cancerous - Benign - Be fine

Malignant

cancerous - can move and infect other body systems

Metastasis

spread tumors

What is cancer?

A general term for more than 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrollable growth of abnormal or malignant cells.

What are immune-related factors in disease?

Factors include allergies, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency, which affect the immune response.

What is nutritional imbalance?

A condition resulting from malnourishment, vitamin or mineral deficiencies and excesses, obesity, or starvation.

What are other causes of disease?

Other causes include idiopathic (unknown origin), iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment), nosocomial (hospital-acquired), and sequela (consequences of a previous disease).

idiopathic

unknown cause of a disease

Iatrogenic

Caused by medical treatments and their effects (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)

Ex: Chemotherapy

Nosocomial

hospital or medical facility acquired infection

sequela

a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury

ex: loss of eyesight as a result of syphilis

subjective

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions

objective

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

Ways the body is protected

1. Body structures block the entry of germs/microorganisms

2. Inflamed areas is a signal to the body to show where to heal and clean (phagocytosis)

3. Immune responses to foreign antigens

Acute

rapid onset, a severe course, and a relatively short duration

Chronic

Happening overtime, usually incurable, can happen from an acute disorder

The Body's response to disease

Signs, symptoms, inflammation, infection, Immunity, pain

Inflammation

a localized response to an injury or infection to isolate and eliminate the harmful agents

Acute Inflammation

immediate response to protect the body - Redness, swelling and heat, pain and possible dysfunction at the site of insult

Chronic Inflammation

slow and persistent onset might see low grade fever, persistent pain fatigue, swelling and possible organ dysfunction.

Immunity

Security against a particular disease or being unaffected to the disease-causing organisms

Natural immunity

Immunity that is partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living.

ex: Pathogens etc.

Acquired immunity

Immunity that the body develops after overcoming a disease, through inoculation (such as flu vaccinations and more)

allergy

a specific reaction of the immune system overreaction to a foreign and frequently harmless substance

Autoimmunity

The immune system attacks the body's own tissues

ex: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis etc.

Immunodeficiency

weakened immune function due to inherited conditions or infectious diseases

ex: HIV, sickle cell, cancer etc.

Atherosclerosis

Lipi/plaque buildup

restrict blood flow

Arteriosclerosis

Thickening of the inner wall and the central artery

Phagocytosis

Inflamed areas is a signal to the body to show where to heal and clean

systemic

affecting the entire body rather than one body system, often through the bloodstream

antibiotic

medicines that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria to treat or prevent bacterial infection

vaccine

substance used to stimulate immunity to a particular disease or pathogen typically from inactivated or weakened form of the causative agent

antiviral therapy

To prevent, to treat or get rid of viral infections - by reducing their harmful effects

anaphylaxis

Allergic reaction of the body to a foreign body or other substance.

Sometimes used to refer exclusively to a sudden, unusually severe, and possibly life-threatening allergic reaction