Dalvi,Meera - 1st period - Unit 2

homeostasis

stable internal environment of physiological balance

cytology

the study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

organelles

specialized structures that enable specific functions

cell membrane/plasma membrane

surrounds every cell and separates it from the external environment

selective semipermeable membrane

determines what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus

controls the cell

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

responsible for each person’s unique genetic makeup

cytoplasm

semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane

electrolytes

compounds made up of charged particles called ions

ions

charged particles

cations

positively charged ions that create acids

anions

negatively charged ions that create bases

pH

measures the presence of acids and bases

muscle cells

long, slender cells within muscle tissue

epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs

fat cells

contain large, empty space to store fat

nerve cells

tend to be long with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses

blood cells

vary in size and shape according to their function

sex cells

the ovum (female sex cell) is the largest cell in the body and the sperm (male sex cell) is the smallest

mitosis

cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

type of cell division that produces sex cells

gametes

sex cells

genetics

the study of ways in genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring and the role genes play in the health of the offspring

genetic disorders/hereditary disorders

diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene

anabolism

building-up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules

molecules

groups of two or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties

aplasia

condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally

carcinogenesis

formation of development of cancer

endocytosis

process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

eukaryotic

having a clearly defined nucleus

exocytosis

process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

histogenesis

production of tissues`

hypertonic

having greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking

hypotonic

having lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling

isotonic

having equal pressure or concentration inside and outside of a cell

lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

prokaryotic

no clearly defined nucleus

tissue

a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

histology

the study of the structure and function of tissues

biopsy

allows a provider to remove a small piece of tissue, a portion of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination

pathologist

a physician who specializes in the study of disease, examines the tissue or sections of the organ under a microscope

epithelial tissue

forms the skin covering the surface of the body, lines the internal organs, and makes up certain glands

simple epithelium

tissue with one layer of cells

stratified epithelium

tissue with more than one layer

squamous

flat shape

cuboidal

cube shaped

columnar

cells shaped like columns

connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues

dense connective tissue

bone, cartilage

loose connective tissue

nerve cells, blood vessels

adipose tissue (fat)

provides heat-retaining insulation

liquid connective tissue

blood, lymph

muscle tissue

contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movements

skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle)

attached to bones

cardiac muscle

found in the heart and is responsible for the pumping function of the heart

smooth muscle (visceral muscle/involuntary muscle)

lines the walls of hollow organs, like those in the digestive tract

peristalsis

smooth muscles alternating contraction and stretching motions, helps moves substances along a pathway

nervous tissue

makes up the nervous system and made of neurons

neurons

receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body

organs

structures composed of several kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

body systems

groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions and maintain life

homeostasis

the body’s state of balance

integumentary system (skin, hair, nails)

protects body by acting as a physical barrier against pathogens

skeletal system (bones, joints, cartilage)

provides support and shape for the body

muscular system (muscles)

allows voluntary and involuntary body movement

nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves)

transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body

endocrine system (hypothala]\mus, pituitary gland, thyroid)

produces hormones and regulates body functions including metabolism, mood, growth, and development of cells and tissues

respiratory system (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx)

delivers life sustaining oxygen to body

cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels)

pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

lymphatic system (spleen, lymph nodes, vessels)

protects the body from microorganisms that cause disease

digestive system (mouth, esophagus, stomach)

responsible for the ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients

urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

filters blood to remove waste products

reproductive system (mammary glands, uterus, testes prostate)

allow human beings to produce offspring

abdomin/o

abdomen

anter/o

front

astr/o

star, star-shaped

bol/o

cast, throw

carcin/o

cancer

caud/o

tail

cephal/o

head

chondr/o

cartilage

crani/o

skull

cyt/o

cell

dist/o

away from the point of origin, far, distant

dors/o

back of the body

fibr/o

fiber

gastr/o

stomach

hemat/o

blood

hist/o

tissue

infer/o

below

is/o

Same, equal

kary/o

nucleus

later/o

side

lumb/o

lumbar region, loin

medi/o

middle

path/o

disease

pelv/i

pelvis

physi/o

function