Nutrition Exam 2

intracellular fluid (ICF)

fluid found in the cytoplasm within cells

extracellular fluid (ECF)

water found outside the cell, including intravascular fluid and the interstitial fluid

intravascular

the fluid found inside the blood (around blood cells) and lymphatic vessels

interstitial fluid

tissue fluid; the fluid that surrounds cells

electrolytes

charged ions in solution can conduct current

cations

positive ions (ex. Na+ and K+)

anions

negative ions (ex. Cl- and HPO4(2-))

hyponatremia

low levels of sodium in the blood; can result from dilution (lots of fluid) or depletion of sodium

dehydration

loss or depletion of bodily fluids

Alcohol (? kcal/g)

7 kcal/g

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

thiamin deficiency, results in brain effects like memory loss, loss of coordination, or vision changes. associated with chronic excessive alcohol consumption.

adaptive thermogenesis

body regulation of heat production

Leptin

stimulates satiety, produced by adipocytes

Ghrelin (gremlin)

stimulates hunger, produced by stomach

solvent

liquid in which substance dissolve to form a new solution

universal solvent

water because it can dissolve a variety of substances including minerals + glucose

specific heat

measurement of the energy required to raise a gram of a substance 1 degree celsius

acid-base balance

mechanisms used to maintain body fluids close to a neutral pH so the body can function properly

water balance

state of equilibrium when the intake of water equals the amount of water excreted

metabolic water

water that is formed in the body as a result of metabolic reactions (ex. condensation rxn)

insensible water loss

loss of body water that goes unnoticed, such as by exhalation during breathing and the evaporation of water through the skin

osmosis

diffusion of water or any other solvent across the semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

selectively permeable

characteristic of cell membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others

osmolality

measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of solvent in a solution

osmotic pressure

pressure that prevents the solutes in a solution from drawing water across a semi permeable membrane

sodium potassium pump

protein located in the cell membrane that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)

pituitary hormone secreted in response to low blood volume; acts to reduce renal excretion of water, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure

renin

enzyme secreted by the kidneys that increases blood volume, vasoconstriction, and blood pressure

angiotensin II

blood protein that causes vasoconstriction and triggers the release of aldosterone from the adrenal glands which raises blood pressure

aldosterone

hormone secreted from the adrenal glands in response to reduced blood volume; signals the kidneys to reabsorb sodium which increases blood volume + pressure

diuretics

substances that increase the production of urine, often used as antihypertensive drugs

hypokalemia

dangerously low level of blood potassium

water intoxication (hyper hydration)

potentially dangerous medical condition that results from drinking too much water too quickly. Can lead to hyponatremia and possible death

hyponatremia

dangerously low level of sodium in the blood that can result from dilution or depletion of sodium

dehydration

excessive loss of body fluids; usually caused by inadequate fluid intake, diarrhea, vomiting, or excessive sweating

thirst mechanism

complex interaction between the brain and the hypothalamus triggered by a depletion of body water; the interaction leads to a feeling of thirst

hypovolemia

low blood volume

alcohol

class of organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups attached to carbons (ex. ethanol, glycerol, methanol)

ethanol

type of alcohol, specifically ethyl acohol (C2H5OH) found in alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and liquor

fermentation

process by which yeast converts sugars in grains or fruits into ethanol and CO2

distillation

Evaporation and then collection of a liquid by condensation. Liquors are made using distillation

proof

measurement of the amount of ethanol contained in alcoholic beverages

social drinking

moderate drinking of alcoholic beverages in social settings within safe limits

moderate drinking

according to the DGAs, up to 1 drink per day for women and up to 2 drinks a day for men

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

one of the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes found in the stomach and the liver, that converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

acetaldehyde

one of the first compounds produced in the metabolism of ethanol. Eventually converted to CO2 and H2O and excreted

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

alcohol metabolizing enzyme found in the liver that converts acetaldehyde to acetate

microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)

second major enzyme system in the liver that metabolizes alcohol

alcohol tolerance

state in which the body has adjusted to long term alcohol use by becoming less sensitive to the alcohol. More alcohol needs to be consumed in order to get the same euphoric effect

microsomes

small vesicles in the cytoplasm of liver cells where oxidative metabolism of alcohol takes place

blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

amount of alcohol in the blood. BAC is measured in grams of alcohol per deciliter of blood, usually expressed as a percent

blackout

amnesia for events that occurred while a person was intoxicated

alcohol poisoning

state in which the BAC rises to the point that a person’s central nervous system is affected and his or her breathing and heart rate are interrupted

hangover

collective term for the unpleasant symptoms such as a headache and dizziness, that occur after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol. many of the symptoms are caused by high levels of acetaldehyde in the blood

congeners

fermentation by-products in alcoholic beverages that may contribute to hangover symptoms

gastritis

inflamation of the lining in the stomach

primary malnutrition

state of being malnourished due to poor diet, consuming either to much or too little of a nutrient or energy

secondary malnutrition

state of being malnourished due to interference with nutrient absorption or metabolism

alcoholic liver disease

degenerative liver condition that occurs in 3 stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis

fatty liver

stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease, in which fat begins to build up in the liver cellsa

alcoholic hepatitis

stage 2 of alcoholic liver disease in which the liver becomes inflamed

cirrhosis

stage 3 of alcoholic liver disease, in which liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue

endotoxins

damaging products released from the cell wall of dead bacteria such as those in the GI tract. they can travel in the blood to the liver and initiate liver damage

cardiac arrhythmia

disturbance in the beating and rhythm of the heart; can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption

cardiac myopathy

condition in which the heart becomes thin + weak and is unable to pump blood throughout the body; also called disease of the heart muscle

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

most severe of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs); children with FAS display physical, mental, and behavioral abnormalities

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs)

range of conditions that can occur in children who are exposed to alcohol in utero

alcohol use disorder

pattern of alcohol intake characterized by lack of control over drinking; preoccupation with drinking; continuation of drinking despite negative consequences; tolerance; or withdrawal symptoms when drinking is discontinued

binge drinking

patterns of consuming 5+ drinks by men or 4+ drinks for women in about 2 hours that raises BAC to 0.08 g/dl or more

alcoholism

chronic disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors and characterized by a level of alcohol intake that causes physical, mental, social, and sometimes legal problems

minerals

inorganic elements essential to the nutrition of humans

major minerals

minerals needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day. includes sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and sulfer

trace minerals

minerals needed in amounts less than 20 mg daily. includes iron, zinc, selenium, flouride, chromium, copper, manganese, and molybdenum

binders

compounds such as oxalates and phytates that bind to minerals in foods and reduce their bioavailability

cofactor

substance that binds to an enzymbe to help catalyze a reaction. generally refers to a metal ion whereas a coenzyme is usually an organic compound such as a vitamin

hydroxyapatite

crystalline salt structure that provides strength in bones and teeth. calcium and phosphorous are the main minerals found in the structure

mineralization

process of adding minerals including calcium and phosphorus to the collagen matric in the bone which makes the bone strong and rigid

sodium (NA+)

major cation in the extracellular fluid. too much leads to hypertension, too little leads to hyponatremia.

hypernatremia

excessive amounts of sodium in the blood

hypertonic

having a high solute concentration

hypotonic

having a low solute concentration

chloride (Cl-)

major anion in the extracellular fluid.

hypochloremia

abnormally high level of chloride in the blood

hypochloremia

abnormally low level of chloride in the blood