QUIZ -> Africa, Americas & Europe

Iron Metallurgy

• Practice of smelting iron into useful tools

• Would help stimulate trade w/ merchants & others in the Indian Ocean

  • Help get other materials form other countries in return

Ethiopia

• Primary service of trading salt w/ various traders

• Centralized pwr

• Built stone churches

Great Zimbabwe

• Got money from engaging in Indian Ocean Trade

• Pwrful state for trade & gold to the East African Coast

Mali Empire

• State within West Africa

• Monopolized import of horses & metals as part of the trans-saharn trade

• Large scale producer of gold

• Its most famous ruler, Mansa Musa, lead a group of ppl to Meca.

• Demonstrates how Africa is involved in international trade

Timbuktu

• Major commercial city of West African civilization

• Center for Islamic scholarship & education

• Showed West Africa commercial networks & development of West African civilizations

Maya Civilizations

• Civilization from Mesoamerica

• Known 4 its writing & math system

• Built temples, pyramids, etc

Aztec Emprie

• Major state in atm Mexico. Formed w/ the help of the Mexica

• Dominated by the semi-nomadic Mexica

• Developed military, got mercenaries, & built up their capital

• Labor system for the conquered by the Aztecs

• Featured various tech of waterways & canals

Tribute System in Americas (?)

• Tax system in which conquered city-states were required 2 pay the empire in physical goods

• Used by the Aztecs

• Got something w/out a monetary system.

• Aztecs got wealthy from this

Inca Empire

• Western Hem’s largest imperial state in 15th→16th centuries

• Built by the Incas, stretched all over South America

• Bureaucratic & intrusive empire

• Used the quipus to keep record of everything

Mita System

• Labor tax where citizens worked periodically 4 the state on public works projects

• Used in the Inca Empire

• Helped w/ infrastructure projects & terrance farming systems.

  • Appr. u could work in farms, religious infrastructure or military.

Quipa

• Knotted cords that served as an accounting device

• Helped the Inca Empire develop the Mita System & keep track of data w/out alphabet system

Christianity in Medival Europe

• Byzantine Empire = Eastern Orthodox Christianity

  • It dies w/ the Empire but comes back in the Keivan Rus

• United all romans & js places in general

• Emphasized a change from nobility → monarchy

• Roman Catholic church united the West

Feudalism

• System w/ lords, monarchs, & knights

  • Lords > kings

  • Land exchanged 2 keep everyone loyal

  • Big part of Western Euro

Manorial System

• Econ & agricultural organization in Western Euro

• Had landowning lord rule over an agricultural estate (manon), while surfs lived on the land

• Served as econ basis for Feudalism, showed coerced labor system, & helped more toward commercial capitalism.

Artisan

• Skilled craftsperson who creates goods by hand. Specialized urban producers who own their tools & turn raw materials into manufactured products 4 trade.

• Jobs replaced in changes seen in Africa

• Provided trade-valuable resources, but were replaced w/ evolving tech

Serfdom

• Roman-style slavery

• Serfs worked as “not property” but subordinates 2 their lords

• In turn for their work, given protection & security

• 1st early example of coerced labor

Political Decentralization

• Fall of political unity in a state, causing conflict & consequences

• Seen w/ Western Euro & its geography limiting political connection

• Gave rise to practice of feudalism, serfdom

Divine right

• Justification for European & Russian rulers during this time

• Helped balance Christian orthodoxy

Swahili Civilization

• Worked in Indian Ocean trade, soon gathering attention of muslim merchants

• Was developed of various city-states along the East African Coast. Each hads its own king

• Islam becomes sooo dominant in Swahili

Women in Africa

• Began initially only women, working as domestic servants & concubines

  • Overtime changed to men

• Mainly come from non-Islamic & staelus societies farther south

• Development of the trans-Saharan slavetrade

Slavery in Africa

• Highly-ranked men saw powerful women so dangerous (?)

• Normal women worked in agriculture & weaving, royal woman worked in politics.

Ending of Byzantine Empire

• 1453, Ottoman seizure of Constrantiople

  • Turkic Ottoman Empire takes control of the Capital, fall to conquerer Mohammed 2nd

Connection w/ Byzantine Empire & Kevian Rus

• Shared heritage w/ Rus, slave ppl from Byzantine

• Society formed of human & enslaved ppl, privileged ppl & commoners, dominant & subordinate women

• Eastern Orthodoxy adopted by the Prince, thinking it would look good

Long-term implications of Eastern Orthodox Christianity

• Brought Russia into the world of orthodox christianity form Islam & Roman Catholic

• Borrowings from the Byzantine Empire

  • Architecture style, alphabet, religious images of icons, prayer & service

How was Western Euro different from Eastern Euro?

• Western Christendome was largely ignored

• Far from trade networks

• Geographically impacted politics

  • Agriculture was strong

Western Euro during the 9^th and 10^th Centuries?

• Society was rly divided during this time, would drag on for some time

• Feudalism was exercised

• Landowning lords exercised pwr tru owning land or estates (monoalism)

Political Life in Euro post 1000 CE

Gov:

• intro to monarchs and distinctions of life

• Into to royal courts & bureaucracies w/ groups of professional admin assigned

  • Institutes of gov commanded their loyalty

  • “Multi-centered political system”

Combat:

• New formation of states → new conflict

• Would enhance role & status of military men

Tech:

• New conflict → new tech needed

• Innovation of econ & Euro advances with time

• Shipbuilding & navigational techniques made Euro dominant in the seas

How did political systems shape in the West?

• Broke away from the East- > referred to themselves w. the Roman Catholic Church

• Hierarchical organizations of popes, bishops, priests, & others was strong

• Church would amass a following

• Churches, authorities, rules, & nobles were the competing sources of pwr in Western Euro!!!!!

Defining Features of the Roman Catholic Church

• Western Euro branch of Christianity that gradually deferred itself from East

• Western Christendom centered around the pope & various other aspects of its hierarchical system

• Struggled 2 remain independent of established political authority

Merchants’ influence on Euro city-states

• Had unusual independence from political authority. Many cities won the right to make their own laws & appoint their own officials.

• King changed their city’s approach to various things

• Would help develop capitalism & lead 2 the creation of representative institutions or parliaments

Describe Gov structure in Sub-Saharan Africa:

• Swahili: Civilization saw its gov around a collection of city-states, increasing bc of coasting Indian Ocean Trade

• Islam became dominant belief system, which came from interaction of muslim merchants.

• No large, unified political structure

• Had a hierarchical class structure that organized society

Hause Kingdoms

• Collection of city-states connected w/ trade in the times-Saharan trade network

• Middle 4 trade

• Ruled by a king

Gender roles in sub-Saharn African cultures

• Islam influenced Sawhali lang w/ Bantu family of language (indigenous) & Arabic (outsides)

Manoalism.

Peasants were bound 2 land & worked in it 4 exchange for protection form the lord & its military forces.