Biology Unit 2- Cell Theory and Organelles

who named the cell?

Robert hooke

who invented the microscope

galileo and the janssen brothers

who discovered the nucleus

robert brown

which two scientists worked to discover the cell theory together?

schleiden (plants) and schwann (animals)

what are the three steps to the cell theory?

1- all living things are made of cells

2-cells are the basic unit of life

3-all cells are made from pre-existing cells

What is a PROKARYOTIC CELL?

it is SMALLER, SIMPLER, and has no nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Example: bacteria. REMEMBER: PRO=NO!

What is the function of a PROKARYOTIC CELL?

to break things down + digest

what is a EUKARYOTIC CELL?

SINGLE OR MULTICELLULAR larger, more complex cells that DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. EX: Nuerons REMEMBER: EU = DO!

what is the function of a eukaryotic cell?

to build up organisms or tissues. they can live alone or in groups.

What is the ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY?

AN original PROKARYOTIC cell that gets taken in by another cell and turned into a part of that cell.

Why does the ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY happen? Examples?

The more little “helper” cells, the more evenly the work is spread out and not every individual cell has to do as much. Makes work in the body get done faster. TWO EXAMPLES: mitochondria and chloroplast!

what is cell specialization?

cells doing special, specific jobs so not one cell has to do it all.

Structure and Function of a CELL MEMBRANE?

Structure: made of phospholipids, proteins, and cholestrol.

Function: separator (divides inside of cell from outside), regulator (controls what comes in and out) and communication.

What are the Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Organelles?

Prokaryotic: cell membrane, cell wall, cytoskeleton, flagella

Eukaryotic: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, plastids, vacuoles, cilia, centrioles.

Structure and Function of a RIBOSOME?

Structure: made of RNA and Proteins

Function: makes proteins

Structure and Function of a CELL WALL

Structure: made of carbohydrates

Function: Lies on very outside of cell and protects them and gives support.

Found in: plant cells, bacteria, and algae

Structure and Function of a CYTOSKELETON

Structure: made of proteins weaving throughout cells

Function: gives support to a cell

Difference between Pro and Eu: The PROTEINS

Structure and Function of a FLAGELLA

Structure: a long tail like swimmer build (like a tampon)

Function: to move cells through a liquid environment in the body.

Difference between Pro and Eu: Pro can be found anywhere in the cell and Eu is found ONLY IN SPERM

Structure and Function of a NUCLEUS

Structure: large membrane bound control center of a Eukaryotic cell

Function: stores + transmits genetic informatiom → contains DNA and tells everything what to do

Structure and Function of a NUCLEOLUS

Structure: inside the nucleus

Function: makes ribosomes

Function of a Nuclear Membrane

Function: separates nucleus from cytoplasm (inside kept from outside)

Structure and Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure: HAS RIBOSOMES → what gives it rough texture

Function: transport proteins

Structure and Function of a Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure: NO RIBOSOMES; a set of membranes outside the nucleus

Function: transports and makes lipids

Structure and Function of the MITOCHONDRIA?

Structure: a two membrane organelle shaped like rods or ovals

Function: to MAKE ENERGY

★this is an example of ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY★

★EX: ATP★

Structure and Function of GOLGI APPARATUS

Structure: many flattened sacks

Function: shorts and transports proteins

★LIKE A POST OFFICE: PACKAGES AND SENDS OUT★

Structure and Function of VESICLES

structure: tiny membrane sack made of phospholipids

function : storage

Structure and Function of a LYSOSOME

Structure: membrane sack

Function: eats and dissolves waste in body (garbage center)

What are the Proteins found in LYSOSOMES?

ENZYMES →they break down

What are the 3 Types of PLASTIDS and their functions

Chloroplasts- photosynthesis

Chromoplasts- stores pigments (leaf color)

Leucoplasts- stores food

REMEMBER: PLASTID=PLANTS

Structure and Function of Vacuoles

Structure: large membrane sack made of phospholipids

Function: storage

*** Same as vesicles just bigger ***

Structure and Function of CILIA

Structure: tiny, short projections off of the cell (not long like flagella)

Function: MOVES either the cell itself or something inside the cell

****Found ONLY in ANIMAL CELLS****

Structure and Function of CENTRIOLES

Structure: stack of little tubes of proteins

Function: MITOSIS → cell division

****Found ONLY in ANIMAL CELLS****