Crocs and Turtles

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38 Terms

1
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Crocodylia

Alligators & Caimens(Alligatoridae) // Crocodiles (Crocodylidae) // Gharials (Gavialidae)

  • Synap: complete secondary pallet // Crocodylian ankle

Taxa:

  • Alligator mississippiensis

  • Crocodylus acutus

  • Crocodylus porosus

  • Crocodylus niloticus


<p>Alligators &amp; Caimens(Alligatoridae) // Crocodiles (Crocodylidae) // Gharials (Gavialidae)</p><ul><li><p>Synap: complete secondary pallet // Crocodylian ankle</p></li></ul><p>Taxa:</p><ul><li><p><em>Alligator mississippiensis</em></p></li><li><p>Crocodylus acutus</p></li><li><p>Crocodylus porosus</p></li><li><p>Crocodylus niloticus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Aligatoridae

Alligator mississippiensis

  • Only gator native to US

  • wider snout

  • No visible lower 4th tooth


<p><strong><em>Alligator mississippiensis</em></strong></p><ul><li><p>Only gator native to US</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>wider snout</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>No visible lower 4th tooth</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crocodylidae

  • 4th lower tooth visible

  • narrower head and snout



<ul><li><p>4th lower tooth visible</p></li><li><p>narrower head and snout</p></li><li><p></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crocodylus niloticus

  • Nile Croc- Sub-Saharan Africa

  • dark patches laterally → variable stripes


<ul><li><p>Nile Croc- Sub-Saharan Africa</p></li><li><p>dark patches laterally → variable stripes</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crocodylus porosus

  • Ridges from eye -→ snout

  • SE Asia, Australia and surrounding waters

  • Wider snout


<ul><li><p>Ridges from eye -→ snout</p></li><li><p>SE Asia, Australia and surrounding waters</p></li><li><p>Wider snout </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Crocodylus acutus

  • Grayish color

  • Longer, narrower snout

  • S. Central America → N tip S. America


<ul><li><p>Grayish color </p></li><li><p>Longer, narrower snout</p></li><li><p>S. Central America → N tip S. America</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Gavialidae

  • VERY long narrow snout

  • Homodont teeth

  • Piscivorous


<ul><li><p>VERY long narrow snout</p></li><li><p>Homodont teeth</p></li><li><p>Piscivorous</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Chelidae

Side-necked turtles (Australoamerican)

  • LONG neck // flat shell and skull

  • Aquatic (webbed feet)

  • *distribution: S. America & Australia

Taxa:

  • Chelus fimbriata // Chelodina

**Chel = Steel = side long


<p>Side-necked turtles (Australoamerican)</p><ul><li><p>LONG neck // flat shell and skull</p></li><li><p>Aquatic (webbed feet)</p></li><li><p>*distribution: S. America &amp; Australia</p></li></ul><p>Taxa:</p><ul><li><p>Chelus fimbriata // Chelodina</p></li></ul><p>**Chel = Steel = side long</p><p></p>
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Chelus fimbriata

  • Broad, FLAT head

  • projections on head and neck

  • carapace w/ 3 rows keels

Fim = Flat and Thin

<ul><li><p>Broad, FLAT head</p></li><li><p>projections on head and neck</p></li><li><p>carapace w/ 3 rows keels</p></li></ul><p>Fim = Flat and Thin</p>
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Chelodina

  • snake-necked turtles

  • LOOOOOOOONG neck


<ul><li><p>snake-necked turtles</p></li><li><p>LOOOOOOOONG neck</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Pelomedusidae</p>

Pelomedusidae

  • (aquatic)

  • Most have HIGH DOMED shells

  • Side Neck

  • **Africa

Pelo = Mt Pelea // Medusa = long neck //

<ul><li><p><strong>(aquatic)</strong></p></li><li><p>Most have <strong>HIGH DOMED</strong> shells</p></li><li><p>Side Neck</p></li><li><p>**<strong>Africa</strong></p></li></ul><p>Pelo = Mt Pelea // Medusa = long neck // </p>
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Podocnemidae

  • Side neck — webbed feet (S. America & Madagascar)

    • Natal philopatry (amazon)

  • Large, slightly domes shell

  • FLAT at base of shell

  • some parental care

Podocnemis expansa

  • Podo = pogo = jump on flat expanse


<ul><li><p>Side neck — webbed feet (S. America &amp; Madagascar)</p><ul><li><p>Natal philopatry (amazon)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Large, slightly domes shell</p></li><li><p><strong>FLAT</strong> at base of shell</p></li><li><p>some parental care</p></li></ul><p><strong><em>Podocnemis expansa</em></strong></p><ul><li><p>Podo = pogo = jump on flat expanse</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Trionychidae

  • Soft-shelled turtles // LONG neck

  • pancake FLAT → leathery skin covering shell

  • Fleshy proboscis nose\

Taxa: Apalone // Apalone spinifera

  • Central-Eastern US


<ul><li><p><strong>Soft-shelled</strong> turtles // LONG neck</p></li><li><p>pancake FLAT → leathery skin covering shell</p></li><li><p>Fleshy proboscis nose\</p></li></ul><p>Taxa: <em>Apalone</em> // <strong><em>Apalone spinifera</em></strong></p><ul><li><p>Central-Eastern US</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carettochelyidae

  • Freshwater w/ PADDLES (2 claws)

  • Fleshy PROBOSCIS (Pig nose)

  • leathery skin on shell

  • Australia

Taxa: Carettochelys insculpta


<ul><li><p>Freshwater w/ <strong>PADDLES</strong> (2 claws)</p></li><li><p>Fleshy <strong>PROBOSCIS </strong>(Pig nose)</p></li><li><p>leathery skin on shell</p></li><li><p>Australia</p></li></ul><p>Taxa: <strong><em>Carettochelys insculpta</em></strong></p><p></p>
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Emydidae

  • Pond and Box turtles (New World)

  • Prominent BRIDGE on shell

  • LARGE plastron

TAXA: Trachemys scripta // Chrysemys picta // Malaclemys terrapin // Terrapene carolina // Terrapene ornata // Graptemys


<ul><li><p>Pond and Box turtles (New World)</p></li><li><p>Prominent <strong>BRIDGE</strong> on shell</p></li><li><p>LARGE <strong>plastron</strong></p></li></ul><p>TAXA: Trachemys scripta // Chrysemys picta // Malaclemys terrapin // Terrapene carolina // Terrapene ornata // Graptemys</p><p></p>
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Graptemys

  • Map turtles

  • colored line son shell and skin

  • carapace w/ serate dorsal edge

  • mid-dorsal keel


<ul><li><p>Map turtles</p></li><li><p>colored line son shell and skin</p></li><li><p>carapace w/ serate dorsal edge</p></li><li><p>mid-dorsal keel</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Terrapene carolina

E. Box turtle

  • Hooked/ cured upper jaw

  • Yellow/orange dots, line or blotches

  • Plastron hinged completely


<p>E. Box turtle </p><ul><li><p>Hooked/ cured upper jaw</p></li><li><p><strong>Yellow</strong>/orange dots, line or <strong>blotches</strong></p></li><li><p>Plastron hinged completely </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Terrapene ornata

W. Box turtle

  • Pattern is radiating lines (sunshine)

  • Plastron hinges completely closed

  • hooked upper jaw


<p>W. Box turtle</p><ul><li><p>Pattern is radiating lines (sunshine)</p></li><li><p>Plastron hinges completely closed</p></li><li><p>hooked upper jaw</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Malaclemys terrapin

Diamondback terrapin

  • brackish coastal waters

  • Squiggly black lines on gray skin

  • large webbed feet

  • largest range in N. America


<p>Diamondback terrapin</p><ul><li><p><strong>brackish</strong> coastal waters</p></li><li><p>Squiggly black lines on gray skin</p></li><li><p>large webbed feet</p></li><li><p>largest range in N. America</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Chrysemys picta

Painted Turtle

  • Red on ventral portion of carapace and legs

  • Looks like RES but NOT

  • N. US and canada


<p>Painted Turtle</p><ul><li><p>Red on ventral portion of carapace and legs</p></li><li><p>Looks like <strong>RES</strong> but <strong>NOT</strong></p></li><li><p>N. US and canada</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Trachemys scripta

Red-Eared Slider

  • red blotches behind eyes

  • S. states of US


<p>Red-Eared Slider</p><ul><li><p>red blotches behind eyes</p></li><li><p>S. states of US</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Geoemydidae

  • Old world pond and box turtles

TAXA: Cuora

  • Asian Box turtle


<ul><li><p>Old world pond and box turtles</p></li></ul><p>TAXA: <strong><em>Cuora</em></strong></p><ul><li><p>Asian Box turtle</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Testudinidae

Tortoises

  • high-domed shell // club limbs

  • Pyramiding on carapace scutes

Taxa: Gopherus agassizii // Chelonoidis // Malacochersus tornieri


<p><strong>Tortoises</strong></p><ul><li><p>high-domed shell // club limbs</p></li><li><p><strong>Pyramiding</strong> on carapace scutes</p></li></ul><p>Taxa: Gopherus agassizii // Chelonoidis // Malacochersus tornieri</p><p></p>
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Gopherus agassizii

Desert tortoise

  • CA // NV // UT

  • High domed shell // elephant feet


<p>Desert tortoise</p><ul><li><p>CA // NV // UT</p></li><li><p>High domed shell // elephant feet</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Malacochersus tornieri

Pancake Tortoise

  • Thin, flexible, shell, dorsoventrally flattened

  • Radiating pattern on carapace scutes

  • Live in rock crevices in Africa


<p><strong>Pancake Tortoise</strong></p><ul><li><p>Thin, flexible, shell, dorsoventrally flattened</p></li><li><p>Radiating pattern on carapace scutes</p></li><li><p>Live in <strong>rock crevices</strong> in Africa</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Chelonoidis nigra

Giant Tortoises

  • Includes Galapagos

  • HUGE


<p><strong>Giant Tortoises</strong></p><ul><li><p>Includes Galapagos</p></li><li><p>HUGE</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Kinosternidae

Mud & Musk Turtles

  • reduced plastron

  • Aquatic w. high domed shell (bottom walkers)

  • Americas

Taxa: Sternotherus oderatus, Kinosternon flaescens, Kinosternon subrubrum


<p><strong>Mud &amp; Musk Turtles</strong></p><ul><li><p>reduced plastron</p></li><li><p>Aquatic w. high domed shell (bottom walkers)</p></li><li><p>Americas</p></li></ul><p>Taxa: Sternotherus oderatus, Kinosternon flaescens, Kinosternon subrubrum</p><p></p>
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Sternotherus oderatus

Musk Turtle

  • small plastron

  • SQUARE pectoral scutes

  • single hinged plastron // shell smooth and no pattern

  • Pointy pig nose


<p>Musk Turtle</p><ul><li><p>small plastron</p></li><li><p><strong>SQUARE</strong> pectoral scutes</p></li><li><p>single hinged plastron // shell smooth and no pattern</p></li><li><p><strong>Pointy pig nose</strong></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Kinosternon flavescens

Yellow Mud turtle

  • TRIANGULAR pectoral scute → not touching line

  • Double hinged small plastron // SMOOTH carapace

  • Robust nose


<p>Yellow Mud turtle</p><ul><li><p><strong>TRIANGULAR</strong> pectoral scute → not touching line</p></li><li><p>Double hinged small plastron // SMOOTH carapace</p></li><li><p>Robust nose</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Kinosternon subrubrum

E. Mud turtle

  • TRIANGULAR pectoral scute → touching line

  • SMOOTH carapace // small 2x hinged plastron

  • Robust nose


<p>E. Mud turtle</p><ul><li><p><strong>TRIANGULAR</strong> pectoral scute → <strong>touching</strong> line</p></li><li><p>SMOOTH carapace // small 2x hinged plastron</p></li><li><p>Robust nose</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Chelydridae

Snapping Turtles

  • VERY reduced plastron

  • powerful jaws // large heads (unretractable)

  • LONG tails

TAXA: Chelydra serpentina, Macrochelys temminckii


<p>Snapping Turtles</p><ul><li><p>VERY reduced plastron</p></li><li><p>powerful jaws // large heads (unretractable)</p></li><li><p>LONG tails</p></li></ul><p>TAXA: Chelydra serpentina, Macrochelys temminckii</p><p></p>
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Chelydra serpentina

E. half US

  • LONG tail with CRESTS

  • Tiny plastron

  • SMOOTH carapace


<p>E. half US</p><ul><li><p><strong>LONG tail with CRESTS</strong></p></li><li><p>Tiny plastron</p></li><li><p>SMOOTH carapace</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Macrochelys temminchii

Alligator snapping turtle

  • keeled shell

  • smooth LONG tail


<p>Alligator snapping turtle</p><ul><li><p><strong>keeled shell</strong></p></li><li><p>smooth LONG tail</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Cheloniidae

Sea Turtles

  • Paddle limbs

  • can’t retract head // flattened and streamlined shells

  • marine // natal homing

TAXA: Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta


<p><strong>Sea Turtles</strong></p><ul><li><p>Paddle limbs</p></li><li><p>can’t retract head // flattened and streamlined shells</p></li><li><p>marine // natal homing</p></li></ul><p>TAXA: Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta</p><p></p>
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Eretmochelys imbricata

Hawksbill Sea turtle

  • sharp curved BEAK

  • Tortoise shell pattern

  • 2 claws on front flippers


<p>Hawksbill Sea turtle</p><ul><li><p>sharp curved BEAK</p></li><li><p>Tortoise shell pattern</p></li><li><p>2 claws on front flippers</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Chelonia mydas

Green Sea Turle

  • shorter snout

  • LARGE - 5 ft, 700 lbs

  • green in color


<p>Green Sea Turle</p><ul><li><p>shorter snout</p></li><li><p>LARGE - 5 ft, 700 lbs</p></li><li><p>green in color</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Caretta caretta

Loggerhead sea turtle

  • large, BROAD head


<p>Loggerhead sea turtle</p><ul><li><p>large, BROAD head</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Dermochelyidae

Leatherback sea turtle (1 spp)

  • LARGEST extant turtle spp

  • leathery skin

TAXA: Dermochelys coriacea


<p>Leatherback sea turtle (1 spp)</p><ul><li><p>LARGEST extant turtle spp</p></li><li><p>leathery skin</p></li></ul><p>TAXA: Dermochelys coriacea</p><p></p>