URBAN

what are millionaire cities

more than 1 million people living there

what is a mega city

more than 10 million people living there

what are megacities

more than 20 million people living there

what are world cities

cities which have a great influence on the rest of the world due to their financial status and commercial power

what are the causes of urban growth

• natural population growth

• migration from rural areas and economic opportunities in cities- increase in working age population- also age people have children- increase in natural growth rate

what are the socioeconomic processes involved with urbanisation

• small and medium size businesses developing in unregulated workshop areas

• developing cities are passing manufacturing stages and are more focussed on tertiary services- e.g. finance and tech

what are the demographic processes involved with urbanisation

• birth rates declining as people move to cities- easier access to contraceptives, more liberal freedoms for women, shortages of housing

• life expectancy increases- better food quality

• population increases- longer life expectancy

describe the technological processes involved with urbanisation

• mass transit systems can reduce congestion and pollution

• broadband and internet can allow more reliable and faster communication

• innovation is more likely when experts are gathered together

describe the political processes involved with urbanisation

• easier for gov to improve QOL- for a larger proportion of the population when gathered in a smaller area

• mass protests are more likely to occur

• more control over public protests- e.g. tiananmen square protests

what is urban sprawl

the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

why does urban sprawl exist as a problem

• lack of resources in urban and suburban areas

• possible worse quality of life in cities

what are the impacts of urban sprawl

• increase car use- more pollution and traffic

• loss of agricultural land

• decentralisation

• harms wildlife

what is the evidence for urban sprawl

• LA- split into many zones leading to uneven development

• downtown LA- high conc. of poverty compared to areas such as Beverly Hills

• People sit in traffic for an extra 45-60 mins during peak travel hours

why does shortage of housing exist in LICs

• high population density

• environmental hazards- destroys housing

what are the impacts of shortages of housing in LICs

• lots of informal/inadequate housing

• limited access to basic services in housing- e.g. sewers

• initiatives put in place- e.g. slum upgrading programmes

what is the evidence of lack of housing in LICs

mumbai

more than 9 million slum dwellers in 2015

54000 people are homeless

describe why there are shortages of affordable housing in HICs

rising demand for accomodation in cities drives up the prices

what is the impact of shortages of affordable housing in HICs

gentrification causes housing prices to rise

reliance of government benefits

economic inequality

what is the evidence for lack of affordable housing in HICs

London

average house price rose 50% from 2010-2015

due to rural-urban migration

describe why lack of services and waste disposal exist

financial restraints in LICs- leads to inadequate infrastructure and services

what is the impacts of lack of services and waste disposal

• maintenance of existing infrastructure is limited

• private contractors are left to deal with leftover waste

• opportunity to make money from recycling

give evidence of lack of services and waste systems

New Dehli

55% of water from the pipes is lost

44% of households are dependant on bottled water

what is the evidence for unemployment and underemployment

Birmingham

7.2% unemployment rate

high levels of job insecurity due to high proportion of workers on non-permanent contracts

describe why transport issues exist due to urbanisation

• spread of housing into suburbs leads to a further distance to travel to the cbd- more reliance on cars

what is the impact of transport issues

more pollution

wasting money in productivity

surges of morning and evening commuters

give evidence of transport issues due to urbanisation

Lagos- Nigeria

suffers regular gridlock as 7 million passengers move around the city in cars, buses and motorcycles

what is suburbanisation

the process of population movement from the central areas of cities towards the suburbs on the outskirts or the rural-urban fringe

give examples of push factors

• poor quality housing

• congestion

• high crime

give examples of pull factors

• affordable housing

• better air quality

• green spaces

• job opportunities

describe the white fight

• during ww1, african americans from rural southern states migrated to northern cities for work

• white families moved to suburbs which they perceived as safer

describe the problems for suburban areas as a result of suburbanisation

• urban sprawl

• more air pollution- higher need for cars

• fewer green spaces

• pressure on services

describe problems for the cbd as a result of suburbanisation

• dead heart syndrome- e.g. in Boston

• services aren’t updates

• lower taxes being paid

• decline in cultural diversity- e.g. white flight

what developments have allow suburbanisation to take place

• green belts created

• more home ownership- private housing estates

• high car ownership

• new services created- e.g. shopping centres and schools

describe the characteristics of chennai as a result of suburbanisation

• businesses move to suburbs

• middle/upper class families

• last 25 years

what were the causes of suburbanisation in chennai in the suburbs

• attractive new family homes

• lower rent

• IT firms and car factories moved to the suburbs

• decentralisation of industry

• good transport systems

what type of city is chennai

NIC

what were the causes of suburbanisation in chennai in the city centre

• old and run down buildings

• sewers overflowing

• farmers selling their land for high prices to make money

what are the effects of suburbanisation in Chennai

• congestion

• government can’t keep up with the rate of growth

• better housing quality- creates a divide in society

• schools, hospitals and restaurants all improved in the suburbs

what is counter-urbanisation

the process in which the population of cities actually falls as people move out beyond the rural-urban fringe into areas that are truly rural

how has environmental quality caused counter-urbanisation

• pollution and lack of green spaces in cities

• better for overall health in rural areas

how does increased car ownership cause counter-urbanisation

easy to travel between jobs and houses

how does improvements in technology lead to counter-urbanisation

better communication between cities and rural areas

how does agriculture facing economic difficulties lead to counter-urbanisation

• farmers sell land for high prices to housing developers

• agriculture is not as valuable- due to imported food

how does land prices lead to counter-urbanisation

more affordable in counter-urbanised areas

what are the effects of counter-urbanisation

• better housing quality

• rise in chain stores- independant services are driven out

• local services close as there is less demand

• air pollution

what is the rural turnaround

• the social and demographic change in rural settlements which can sometimes be caused by counter-urbanisation and other factors

describe the rural turnaround

• brain drain

• ageing population- more deaths

• in migration of young families

give the commuting evidence of counter urbanisation in abingdon

• increase in use of bus transport for commuters travelling into oxford

give the road access evidence of counter urbanisation in abingdon

• redbridge park and ride

give the housing evidence of counter urbanisation in abingdon

• in migration of younger affluent people- increases house prices

• average price of house= 384000

• construction of more executive housing in the area

give the population evidence of counter urbanisation in abingdon

• population has grown 8% between 2001 and 2011

• population of 38,000 people

give the services evidence of counter urbanisation in abingdon

• lots of schools

• 17 estate agents

what is resurgence

the movement of people into the city centre of inner city as a part of urban regeneration

what are the causes of people returning to inner city areas

• more diversity

• social opportunities

• regeneration

• tertiary and quaternary job opportunities

• better transport connections

what is rebranding

the way a place is redeveloped and marketed so that it gains a new identity

it can then attract new investors and visitors

what is re-imaging

• remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide ‘post industrial’ functions- e.g. retailing, leisure and tourism

what is regeneration

a long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities

what is gentrification

• a process of housing improvement

• associated with change in neighbourhood composition in which low-income groups are displaced by more affluent people

• rehabilitation of old houses

describe property-led regeneration schemes

in movement of people as part of large scale investment programmes aimed at urban regeneration in a wider social, economic and physical sense

describe sustainable communities

• allowing individuals and communities who live in city centres to have a reasonable quality of life with access to jobs and appropriate services

what are the advantages of gentrification

• appealing for businesses and investment

• better quality of life

• higher taxes being paid

• improved infrastructure

what are the disadvantages of gentrification

• displacement of existing residents- due to outpricing

• lack of diversity- wealth and ethnicity

• erosion of sense of community or sense of place

what is deindustrialisation

the loss of industry

when did deindustrialisation occur in the uk

second half of the 20th century

why did deindustrialisation occur in the uk

• mechanisation- goods can be produced more cheaply using machines

• competition from abroad- from rapidly industrialising countires

• reduced demand for traditional products- due to new tech and materials

which cities in the uk suffered the most from deindustrialisation

• cities in the manufacturing heartlands- e.g. manchester, liverpool and sheffield

what are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation

• loss of jobs- loss of personal income

• negative multiplier effect

• reduced tax incomes for local governments

what is the difference between tertiary and quaternary activities

• tertiary activities include the financial services and interacting with the public whereas quaternary activities is where knowledge or ideas are the main output using IT

why has the service sector grown

• financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries

• as people become more tech sophisticated they need specialist services to aid them

• becoming wealthier requires more leisure and retail services

what problems remain as a result of deindustrialisation

• number of service jobs hasn’t made up for the loss of manufacturing jobs

• inner city decline

• many service jobs are only part time

give evidence of social impacts of deindustrialisation

Ashington

• crime- 100 crimes per 1000 residents

• family breakdowns- drug and alcohol abuse

• 30% unemployment

what are the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation

dereliction-deteriorating infrastructure and long-term pollution

give evidence of the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation

• new york city high line

• abandoned warehouses, elevated railway was abandoned- in the 2000s it was redeveloped into a green, elevated walkway

• shows it can be a short term impact in some cases

what did the cardiff docklands policy involve

• focussed on regenerating the post-industrial docklands of south cardiff and penarth

• established under margaret thatcher

• aimed to attract private investment and bring the city closer to the waterfront

what were the successes of the cardiff docklands urban regeneration

• attracted tourism, development and businesses

• 31,000 new jobs were created

• 200 acres of derelict land was reclaimed and repurposed

what were the failures of the cardiff docklands urban regeneration

• communities were displaced which created a socially exclusive environment

• people were forced to live in low quality housing

• bird habitats were damaged

• plan was unproductive and inefficient at times

• spent too much on tourist attractions rather than housing needed for people

evaluate the cardiff docklands regeneration

• successful in making cardiff more attractive to live and invest in

• damaged the environment

• locals displaced- ended up with poor quality housing and low paid jobs

what did the city challenge manchester project involve

• focused on needs of local people

• high rise council flats were inhabited by single-person households and those with social difficulties

• £400 million of private and public sector resources was invested into the area

what did the manchester city challenge plan to do

• build 3000 new homes

• shopping areas added

• 300 new businesses established- more jobs

• moss side sports centre 2002

what were the successes of manchester city challenge

• 80% of regeneration goals have been achieved

• 40% reduction in crime

• improved housing conditions- improved QOL

• more diverse demographic- richer culture- attracts tourism

what were the failures of the manchester city challenge

• increased property values led to outpricing

• social issues didn’t see immediate improvements

• negative impact on small businesses

• uneven quality of housing upkeep

evaluate the manchester city challenge

• successful as it improved QOL and lowered deprivation

• safer area

• immediate success was limited in addressing social issues and small businesses.

• unemployment stayed high

what did the Aylesbury estate policy involve

• aimed to replace the 2700 original 1970s style homes with 5000 new modern homes

• address issues of long term poverty, crime, deprivation and urban decay

what were the successes of the aylesbury estate regeneration

• better quality of housing

• provided over 1,400 jobs, apprenticeships and training opportunities

• focus on local involvement

• 50% of first houses were made affordable

what were the failures of the aylesbury estate regeneration

• 73% of residents voted against it

• average house price was increased to £350,000

• many residents were displaced and forced to relocate

evaluate the aylesbury estate regeneration

• mostly successful due to improved housing quality and job creation

• faced significant opposition and displacement of residents.

• loss of sense of community and accusations of social cleansing

what is urban form

the physical characteristics that make up built up areas, including the shape, size, density and organisation of settlements

describe the UKs urban form

• 64 primary urban areas

• 1 megacity

• 6 large metropolitan areas

describe the emergence of shanghai’s megacity

500,000 population in 1816

27 million population in 2020

what is the economic role of megacities globally

• TNC headquarters

• innovation

what is the economic role of megacities regionally

• immature- opportunities for the informal sector

• mature- high end tertiary and quaternary jobs

describe world cities as learning centres

• high quality educational institutions including universities and research centers that attract international students and foster global collaboration.

describe world cities as serving the whole world

• centres of new ideas business

• decision making power at global levels

• media and communication for global networks

describe world cities as centres for finance, trade and business

• existence of financial HQs- stock exchange and major financial institutions

• HQs of multinational corporations

give an example of an immature megacity

lagos, nigeria

give an example of a consolidating megacity

mumbai, india

give an example of a maturing megacity

sao paulo, brazil

give the characteristics of lagos

• 2/3 residents live in slums

• poor sanitation- due to ineffective waste management

• air pollution- due to industrial activities and traffic

• annual population growth of 4.5%

give characteristics of mumbai

• upgrading of slums- replaced by high rise housing - e.g. Dharavi redevelopment project

• 90% of workers in the informal sector

• annual pop. growth of 2.3%

give the characteristics of sao paulo

• annual pop growth of 1.9%

• high contrast between luxury housing and favelas

• 13,000 electric buses

• B3 stock exchange for brazil, balsa and balcao

• lowest rate of informal jobs in brazil