World History Chapter 6: Byzantine/Islamic Empires

When did the Roman Empire collapse?

- 476 AD

- endured in the east for another 1000 years

Byzantine Empire

- eastern half of the Roman Empire

- got its name from Ancient Greek city Byzantium

Constantinople

- Constantine dedicated this city as the new capital of the Byzantine empire

- known as "New Rome" but later was named Constantinople

- known as the "queen of the Mediterranean"

Emperor Justinian

- ruled from 527-65 AD

- owed much of his success to his wife Theodora

- solidified his power when he put down at riot at the Nika revolt in 532 AD

- his chief objective was to restore the greatness of the Roman empire

Byzantine Architecture/Enduring Achievements

- Preservation of the Roman law also known as the Justinian Code

- Hagia Sophia (holy wisdom)

Eastern & Western Churches

- Roman Catholic Church in the West with the Bishop of Rome

- Eastern Orthodox Church in the East with the Patriarch of Constantinople

- the Pope's representatives excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople when he refused to accept the Pope's actions

Icons

- religious images of Christ and the saints

Greek Fire

- weapon used by Constantinople to fend off Arab Muslim attacks

Basil II

- ruled from 976-1025 AD

- known as the "Bulgar Slayer"

Venice

- Italian commercial city

- challenged Byzantine trade supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean

Battle of Manzikert

- in 1071 AD

- Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Army

Byzantine Empire fall

- 1453 AD

- Muslim Invaders (Ottoman Turks) blasted Constantinople's walls

Slavs

- Largest group in modern Russia

- their ancestors played A major role in establishing the early Russian state

Varangians

- During the 8th and 9th centuries

- Bands of Swedish Norsemen that sailed south from the Baltic Sea

Rurik

- gained control of Novgorod in about 862 marking the traditional beginning of Russian History

- after his death shortly, Kiev became the center of the early Russian state

Rus

- means rowers or seafarers

- the area under Kievan influence become known as russia

Vladimir I

- adopted Eastern Orthodoxy in 988 AD

Cyrillic/Slavic Alphabet

- Russian language profited from this alphabet

- brought to them by missionaries Cyril and Methodius

Yaroslav "the Wise"

- ruled from 1036-1054

- Kiev reached the zenith of its power during his reign

Tartars

- fierce Mongolian warriors from central Asia

- after the decline of Mongol power Moscow became the new center of Russian society

Arabs lineage

- through Abrahams son Ishmael

Bedouins

- also called Nomads who roamed in the desert searching for pastureland and water for their herd (goats, sheep, and camels)

Muhammad

- Founder of Islam (meaning Submission)

- claimed to be the last and greatest prophet of the God Allah

- HIs followers were called Muslims ( meaning submitters to Allah)

Ka'bah

- Stone building that served as a sacred shrine that housed hundreds of idols in Mecca

The Hegira

- Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Medina

Qur'an

- means recitations

- heart of islam

- the sacred book of Muslims

Shahadah

- first Pillar of islam

- confession or creed of Islam

- "there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet

Salat

- means prayers

- every Muslim must pray five times a day while facing Mecca

Zakat

- means purification

- Muslims give Alms (Money) to the poor

Sawn

- Muslims are to fast from Sunrise to Sunset during the Month of Ramadan

Hajj

- pilgrimage to mecca

- Muslims who are financially and physically able is required to visit Mecca at least once

Caliphs

- means successors

- was given to Muhammad's closest friends

- directed the affairs of islam

Abu Bakr

- first caliph after the death of Muhammad

Jihad

- holy war

- Arabs viewed each conquest as this

Umayyad Caliphate

- During this time, the empires capital was moved form Medina to Damascus

Battle of Tours

- in 732 AD

- the Muslim army was stopped from invading by the Franks

Abbasid Caliphate

- marks the peak of the Muslim Empire

al-Rāzi and Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

- Two of the most famous Muslims physicians

Calligraphy

art of beautiful handwriting