CELL CYCLE

Unicellular organisms

The function of cell division in these organisms is to reproduce the entire organism

Multicellular organisms

THese organisms depend on cell division for reproduction, growth and development, and repair

Prophase

What stage is this in Mitosis

Prometaphase

What stage is this in Mitosis

Metaphase

What stage is this in Mitosis

Anaphase

What stage is this in Mitosis

Telophase

What stage is this in Mitosis

Plant Cell

What type of cell is dividing in the picture

Parent Cell

WHat stage in Binary Fission

Replication of DNA

WHat stage in Binary Fission

Segregation of DNA

WHat stage in Binary Fission

Cell splitting into 2

WHat stage in Binary Fission

Prophase I

What phase in Meiosis I

Metaphase I

What phase in Meiosis I

Anaphase I

What phase in Meiosis I

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

What phase in Meiosis I

genome

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s ___

prokaryotic

A genome that consists of a single DNA molecule, common in what kind of cells

eukaryotic

A genome that consists of a several DNA molecule, common in what kind of cells

chromatin

a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Somatic cells

(nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes

Gametes

(reproductive cells: sperm and eggs) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Mitosis

the division of the genetic material in the nucleus

Cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm

Centromere

The region where sister chromatids are attached.

Kinetochore

A protein structure at the centromere where spindle microtubules attach.

Mitotic phase, interphase

2 phases of cell cycle

Mitosis, cytokinesis

2 phases in M Phase

90%

How many percent is interphase

G1 phase/first gap

The cell is accumulating the building blocks of chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins as well as accumulating sufficient energy reserves to complete the task of replicating each chromosome in the nucleus.

S Phase

This phase is where DNA replication can proceed.

mitotic spindle/spindle fiber

orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Centrioles

help organize cell division.

G2

the cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation

G2

There may be additional cell growth during this phase

Prophase

Chromosomes condense and become visible • Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes • Nuclear envelope breaks down •Nucleolus disappears

Prometaphase

• Chromosomes continue to condense; kinetochores appear at the centromeres. Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores. Centrosomes move toward opposite poles

Metaphase

• Mitotic spindle is fully developed, centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell, chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate, and each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber originating from opposite poles

Anaphase

Cohesin proteins binding the sister chromatids together break down. Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles • Non-kinetochore spindle fibers lengthen, elongating the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense • Nuclear envelope material surrounds each set of chromosomes • The mitotic spindle breaks down

cleavage furrow

What separates the daughter cells in animal cells

Cell plate

What separates the daughter cells in plant cells

mitotic spindle

structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis

aster

(a radial array of short microtubules) extends from each centrosome

Kinetochores

are protein complexes associated with centromeres

Metaphase plate

imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindle’s two poles

depolymerizing at their kinetochore ends

How do microtubules shorten

Binary fission

How do prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce

origin of replication

Where does binary fission begin

type of cell

How does frequency of cell division vary

cell cycle control system

The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by ___

checkpoints

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

G1 Checkpoint

determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed

G2 Checkpoint

bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met

M/spindle checkpoint

occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of karyokinesis, determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

G0 phase

If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called ___

Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks)

Two types of positive regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

Cdks

activity fluctuates during the cell cycle because it is controlled by cyclins, their concentrations vary with the cell cycle

Maturation-promoting factor

is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Protooncogenes

The genes that code for these positive regulatory molecules of cell cycle are also called

Phosphorylation

What activates proteins by changing its shape, process cdks does

Negative regulators

Halt the cell cycle

Tumor suppressor genes

genes that code for negative regulator proteins

retinoblastoma protein, p53, p21

negative regulatory molecules that act primarily at the G1 checkpoint

Retinoblastoma protein/pRB

group of tumorsuppressor proteins common in many cells

p53

multi-functional protein that has a major impact on the commitment of a cell to division because it acts when there is damaged DNA in cells that are undergoing the preparatory processes during G1

p21

enforces the halt in the cycle dictated by p53 by binding to and inhibiting the activity of the Cdk/cyclin complexes

elongation factor 2/E2F

What protein determines whether the cell can allow expression of S-phase proteins, pRB binds to this

active/unphosphorylated

What is the state of pRB when it binds to E2F and cannot promote expression of proteins to proceed to S-phase

inactivated/phosphorylated

What is the state of pRB when it is affected by cyclin-CDK complex and frees E2F, allowing expression of S-phase proteins

Cell cycle arrest

WHat process happens when cell accumulates damage or has seen errors in its DNA

Apoptosis

When the damage is too much, p53 can order the cell to undergo programmed cell death

growth factors

proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

stimulates the division of human fibroblast cells in culture

density-dependent inhibition

crowded cells stop dividing

anchorage dependence

Most animal cells also exhibit this, in which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

cancer cells

What kind of cells exhibit neither ensity-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

Transformation

Process where A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell

growth factors

What don’t cancer cells need to grow and divide

Benign tumor

If abnormal cells remain only at the original site, the lump is called a

Malignant tumors

invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize

metastasize

exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form additional tumors

meiosis I and meiosis II

two sets of cell divisions in meiosis

4 daughter cells

result of meiosis

half of parent cell

how many chromosomes of daughter cells after meiosis

homologous chromosomes

In the first cell division (meiosis I), what separates

reductional division

Meiosis I results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes, it is also called ___

sister chromatids

In the second cell division (meiosis II), what separates

equational division

Meiosis II results in four haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes; it is called ____