Chapter 3 - Life in Water

The Hydrologic Cycle includes which 2 processes?

Precipitation and Evaporation

What is Ground Water?

• The _______ is the boundary between Ground Water and surface land.

Water stored underground in soil/rock formations

• Water Table

Ground Water is also referred to as a _______.

• Describe the two types of these.

Aquifers

• Unconfined Aquifers are shallow and influenced by surface water

• Confined Aquifers are Deeper and under high pressure

Describe the main downside of the excessive pumping of GW?

It lowers the Water Table, making consumers dig deeper

What is Recharge?

• What geographical area would have an extremely long recharge compared to other areas?

How long it takes for the water table to replenish

• Deserts

What two main factors affect how well Light penetrates water?

• What is Thermocline?

Turbidity and Depth

• The rapid decline in Tempurature as water depth increases, limiting light penetration

What is Turnover?

• What enviromental threat does it cause?

A seasonal process where lake temperatures flip in the Spring and Fall causing the redistribution of nutrients.

• Algal blooms

Warm water on the surface flows from the ________ towards the ______ as cold, denser water flows beneath it.

• How does this support rich terrestrial ecosystems?

Equator; poles

• Cold currents bring nutrients from the deep oceans to the areas coasts.

Summarize the Gulf Stream

• What current flows southward of NW Africa and creates a circular current system influencing marine migration/navigation

Warm water travels from the Gulf of Mexico → East coast U.S. → Western Europe

• Canary Currents

Ex. Cattle Egrets that are native to Africa, Asia, etc. ended up in the Americas via…

Transoceanic dispersal on currents

Deflection of moving water and air masses caused by Earths rotation, creating current paths based on hemispere is called…

• How does it shape the current paths in the Northern and southern Hemisphere?

The Coriolis Effect

• The Northern Hemisphere is deflected to the right causing clockwise current rotation

• The Southern Hemisphere is deflected to the left causing coutnerclockwise current rotation

Interactions of the North Carolina coastal current __________ and the warm Gulf Stream create mix fish populations

Cold Labrador

What is El Nino?

• How does it affect places like the Galapagos Islands and other marine biomes near the eqautor?

Ecological disturbance that occurs every decade where warm tropical water currents override the usual cool currents.

• This leads to increases rainfall which harms kelp beds, marine iguanas, and penguin populations

Match the Aquatic Habitats with the Salinity Content

1. Less than 0.5% Saline: _________

2. Approx. 3% - 5% Saline: ________

3. More than 5% Saline: _______

4. Approx. 0.5% - 3% Saline: _______

1. Freshwater

2. Saltwater

3. Brine

4. Brackish

What causes the foamy “white-caps” in ocean water affecting its chemical conditions?

Dissolved Oxygen

List the Horizontal Ocean Zones from close to farthest from shore.

Littoral Zone → Neuritic Zone → Pelagic Zone

Match the Vertical Ocean Zones (From Shallow to Deepest)

1. Sunlit surface with highest photosynthetic activity (0-200m) :___________

2. The “twilight zone”, less sunlight and photosynthetic organisms and more predators/scavengers (200-1000m): __________

3. Dark with appearance of bioluminescent organisms (1000-4000m): __________

4. Total Darkness and Immense pressure with low biodiversity (4000-6000m): ___________

5. Deep Ocean Trench with extreme Environment (6000-11000m): __________

1. Epipelagic

2. Mesopelagic

3. Bathypelagic

4. Abyssopelagic

5. Hadalplegic

What kind of conditions do coral reefs thrive in?

• Where would Coral Reefs be located? (Zone)

Warm, clear, well-oxygenated water with ample sunlight (to aid symbiotic algae)

• Tropical Zones, 30N and 30S Latitude

Describe the 3 types of coral reefs.

1. Fringe Reefs: directly attached to shores of islands

2. Barrier Reefs: Parallel to coastline but separated by deeper water

3. Atolls: Circular reefs formed from the remains of sunken volcanic islands

_____ ______ occurs when corals die due to multiple stress factors leaving only there white calcium exoskeletons.

• What are some of the “Stress factors”

Coral Bleaching

• Increase in Temp.

• Increase in CO2 emissions which raises water acidity

• Change in salinity

Where are Kelp Beds usually located?

• Why are these so important?

Temperate Zones

• Their productive energy sources that support marine life

List the 3 main types of Tidal Zones

• _________, often high in diversity, are able to adapt to shifting tidal conditions

1. Supertidal (dry, only wet during extreme tides)

2. Intertidal (Submerged at high tide, exposed at low tide)

3. Subtidal (Always Submerged)

Invertabraes

What are Estuaries?

• What type of vegetation does this aquatic habitat have?

Brackish Environment that mix freshwater inflow and saltwater.

• Salt Marshes (in temperate zones) and Mangrove Forests (tropical zones)

Classifications of Flow: What are Loctic and Lentic Systems?

• Loctic Systems: Moving waters such as rivers and streams

• Lentic Systems: Still waterrs such as lakes and ponds

________ are flat areas close to rivers that are prone to flooding.

• ________ are created by cut off River Meaders (shift and carving of new river channels over time), forming a curved isolated water body

Floodplains

• Oxbow

Red Rivers are located and get it’s color from which region?

• Black Rivers are located in what region? where those it get its clear, dark color?

Piedmont red clay soils

• Coastal plains. From the tannins of the swamp leaves.

List and Describe the Horizontal Zones of Lakes

1. Littoral Zones: Shallow water near shore with aquatic plants

2. Limnetic Zones: Open water (beyond littoral zone) where light penetrates but plants are absent

Match the Vertical Zones of Lakes

1. Warm, mixed upper layer with phytoplankton:_______

2. Zone of rapid temp change separating the warm surface and the cold bottom layer: _______

3. Cold deeper water with less light penetration: ________

1. Epilimnoin

2. Thermocline

3. Hypolimnion

Match the Trophic States

1. Poor nutrients, Clear Water, Low Productivity

2. Nutrient rich, Turbid Water, High biological activity

1. Oligotrophic

2. Eutrophic