Glycolysis

What is the mnemonic device for glycolysis intermediated

Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Didnt Go Buy Perfect Pumpkins (to) Prepare Pies

Glycolysis intermediate - Goodness

Glucose

Glycolysis intermediate - Gracious

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

Glycolysis intermediate - Father

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glycolysis intermediate - Franklin

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Glycolysis intermediate - Didn’t

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)

Glycolysis intermediate - Go

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (G3P)

Glycolysis intermediate - Buy

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)

Glycolysis intermediate - Perfect

3-Phosphoglycerate (3-PG)

Glycolysis intermediate - Pumpkins

2-Phosphoglycerate (2-PG)

Glycolysis intermediate - Prepare

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Glycolysis intermediate - Pies

Pyruvate

What is the mnemonic device for glycolysis enzymes

Hungry Peter Pan And The Growling Pink Panther Eat Pies

Glycolysis enzymes - Hungry

Hexokinase - nucleophilic, transferase

Glycolysis enzymes - Peter

glucose-6-phosphate isomerase - Isomerization, isomerase

Glycolysis enzymes - Pan

Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) - Nucleophilic, transferase

Glycolysis enzymes - And

aldolase - Elimination, lyase

Glycolysis enzymes - The

triose phosphate isomerase - Isomerization, isomerase

Glycolysis enzymes - Growling

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - oxidation, oxoreductase

Glycolysis enzymes - Pink

phosphoglycerate kinase - Nucleophilic, transferase

Glycolysis enzymes - Panther

phosphoglycerate mutase - Isomerization, isomerase

Glycolysis enzymes - Eat

enolase - elimination, lyase

Glycolysis enzymes - Pie

pyruvate kinase - Nucleophilic, transferase

What are sugars (carbohydrates used for)

-Energy
-Storage
-Recognition

Where is the most highly oxidized carbon on a monosaccharide

Connected to the carboxyl group (double bond to oxygen)

Where do you start numbering on a fisher structure

At the most highly oxidized carbon on the top

How do you classify the chiral carbon on a fischer projection

The bottom most chiral group. If the OH points right it is D, if it points left it is L

How do you classify the length and oxidation in a carbon

• The number of carbons is the prefix

• The most highly oxidized carbon if connected to an OH is a ketose and if connected to H is aldose

What is an enationmer

A mirror image with different chirality on all the carbons

What is a diasteromer

There is different chirality at some carbons but not enatiomers

What is an epimer

A special diasteromer that only differs at one sterocenter

In solutions, sugars undergo spontaneous reactions within themselves

• Leads to spontanious isomerization

  • Epimerization

  • Isomerization of the most oxidized carbon

• Spontanous cuclization and mutarotation

What is spontatneous isomerization

Removing an aciedic H+ near a carbonyl to give an enediol. This results in an aldose/ketose interconversion, epimerization, or back to its original

What is sponatneous cyclization and mutarotation

An addition reaction forms a cyclic structure - forming a membered ring

What are the 5 and 6 member rings called

6 = pyranose
5 = furanse

What is the anomeric carbon

The carbon with two oxygen bonded to it

What way does each group go based on how it is from fischer to haworth

A group on the right goes down while a group on the left goes up

In a haworth projection what does it mean if the flagpole is up or down

If the flagpole if up it is D, if it is down it is L

How do you know if a monomet is alpha or beta

If the anomeric carbon is the same direction as the flagpole it is beta, if they are opposite it is alpha

What is mutarotation

The sponantious opening between fischer and hayworth causing the molecule to shift between alpha and beta

What are the modification reactions of a monosaccharaide?

• Basic

• Acidic

• neutral

• Esterification

What is glycoside formation

The addition of an R group to the anomeric OH (Replaces the H on the OH)

Why are glycosides important

They are stable to dilute bases and cannot isomerize, epimerize, or mutarotate

Beta-cellobiose

• From cellulose degradation

• Glucose C1 linked to C4 by a beta(1,4) link

• beta in name comes from the gree anometic carbon

Beta-maltose

• Malt sugar

• alpha(1,4) link

• A reducing sugar

alpha-lactose

• Milk sugar

• Beta(1,4) link, with an anomeric carbon thats alpha

Sucrose

• Cane sugar

• Anomeric carbon is a part of the link on both sugars

• alpha,beta(1,2) link

• A reducing sugar

What is a polysaccharides structural features

Linear or branched with variable lengths

What are polysaccharides

Energy storage forms of glucose

Homopolymers of D-glucose

What starches do plants store

Amylose and amylopectin

What is amylose

A linear glucose polymer with an alpha(1,4) glycosidic link

What is amylopectin

A brached alpha(1,6) and linear alpha(1,4) glycosidic link

What is a reducing end on a polymer

the terminal end of a sugar polymer that has a free anometic carbon

How do vertebrates store energy and what is it

Glycogen - the same as amylopectin (A brached alpha(1,6) and linear alpha(1,4) glycosidic link) but more brached

How does yeast and bacteria store glucose and what are they

Dextrans - alpha(1,6) w/ alpha(1,2), alpha(1,3), & alpha(1,4) branches

Cellulose

• D-glucose homopolymer

• Linear beta(1,4) linkage with interstand

• Not digestible by humans

What is the structural form of glucose chitin

• found in insect exoskeletons

• N-acetyl-D-glucose units linked by beta(1,4)

links

What are glucosaminoglycans (GAGS)

Heteropolysaccharides of repeating diaccharide units

a) What is the sugar attached too in glycoproteins? b) What is the role of sugars in glycoproteins?

a) O-linked are attached to Thr or Ser, N-Linked are attached to Asn. b) protect the proteins from denaturation, and proteases. Cell-cell signaling. (And large proteoglycans can give rise to spongy gelatinous materials.)

a) What makes Glycosaminoglycans form gelatinous and/or spongy materials? b) What are the spongy and gelatinous materials that they comprise?

a) Numerous negatively charged carboxylic acid and sulfate groups modify the sugar units. The negative charges don’t pack well, require water hydration, and lead to expanded polymer structures. b) synovial fluids, cartilage, intervertebral discs, etc.

What are the next pathways for fermentation

• Citric acid cycle and transport chain

• Alcoholic fermentation

• Homolactic fermentation (lactic acid)

What is alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate to ethaol occuring in yeast and certain bacteria to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis to continue without using oxygen

What is lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate to lactic acid occuring in muscles to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis withut the use of oxygen (Cori cycle)

What is the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

The aerobic conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA and the TCA cycle, replenishes NADH in the presence of O2 for high ATP generation

What is the net yeild for glycolysis

2 ATP and 2 NADH

What is the net yeild for gluconeogenesis

6 ATP and 2 NADH LOST

Where does gluconeogenesis occur

In the liver when glycogen storage gets low to ensure enough glucose for the brain and red blood cells

In step 10 of glucneogenesis what two enzymes (and biofactor) is needed for the step

Pyruvate carboxylase - Biotin
PEP carboxykinase

• Both elimination AND oxidation

In steps 3 and 1

Fructose biphosphate phosphatase
Glucose-6-phosphatase
- Both hydrolases that break phosphate bonds (irreversible)

What are gluconeogenesis substrates

Substrates that can feed into the pathway that are not just pyruvate to make glucose (must have 3C)

What is the cori cycle

Lactate substration

• In muscles pyruvate re