Module 7.1 - Stress, Trauma, Crisis, and Disaster

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7 Terms

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Stress as a Physiologic Response

Walter Cannon believed that strong emotions like fear and anger are fundamental to the stress response.

Fear is associated with the instinct to escape, and anger with the instinct to attack.

Stressors can be physical, psychological, or social.

  1. Perception of a stressor triggers an automatic total-body response

  2. First stage is the alarm reaction. All body systems (sense organs, brain, heart and blood vessels, lungs, digestive system, immune system) respond in a coordinated effort to mediate the stressor.

  3. If successful: the body returns to its normal state.

  4. If unsuccessful: the body enters the resistance stage, and adaptation efforts continue.


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Stress as a Stimulus

The associations between significant life events (marriage, birth, divorce, relocation, death) and stress.

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Stress as a Person-Environment Transaction

  1. The first view found that critical life events (the presence of an objective event) mediate the experience of stress

  2. The second view maintained that it is the appraisal of an event (the subjective evaluation of an event or situation) that is critical to the stress experience.

The view of stress as a relationship between persons and their environment has become the dominant explanatory model.


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Cognitive Appraisal

The process by which individuals examine the demands and constraints of a situation in relation to their own personal and network resources.

  • In primary appraisal, individuals evaluate the situation and determine whether they are in danger.

  • If yes, they go to secondary appraisal, where the individual considers the options for dealing with the situation.


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Physiologic Stress Responses

The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining the body’s internal environment and for initiating the body’s stress response.

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Social Support

Functional support is the quality of the relationships and the degree to which an individual believes that help is available.

Structural support is the quantitative characteristics of a social support network.

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Social Network

An individual’s social network can be a resource, enhance the ability to cope with change, and influence the course of illness.

  • Intensity is the degree or closeness of a relationship.

  • Reciprocity is the extent to which there is balanced give-and-take in a relationship.