EEB 474 Lab Exam 1 (copy)

Myxini

Class - fish with viscous skin & mucous

Myxinidae

Hagfish family

No oral disk, vestigial eyes

No dorsal fin or paired fins

1-15 gill openings

(Think if the lamprey was a deep sea fish)

Chondrichthyes

Cartilage fish class

Ginglymostomatidae

Nurse shark family

4th and 5th gill slits overlap

2 spineless doral fins

Spiracles smaller than eyes

Nostrils with barbels (varying length)

Squalidae

Dogfish shark family

Strongly pronounced spine @ front of dorsal fin

Well-developed spiracles

No anal fins

Caudal peduncle w/ pair of lateral keels

Carcharhinidae

Requiem shark family

Upper pre-caudal pit present

No spine (compared to squalidae)

Usually no spiracles

First dorsal fin anterior to pelvic fins

Sphyrnidae

Hammerhead shark family

Pretty straightforward - flattened and laterally elongated heads

No spiracles

Torpedinidae

Torpedo electric rays

Caudal + dorsal fins well developed

Kidney shaped electric organ on sides of head

Oval body shape w/ smooth skin

Rhinobatidae

Guitar fishes

Not a skate nor a shark - intermediate

Two distinct dorsal fins + caudal fin

Large spiracles

Looks like a spear head

Rajidae

Skate family

Rough dorsal surface

Thick tail w/ at least one fin

No caudal spines

Small caudal fins

SIMILAR to stingrays

Dasyatidae

Whiptail stingray family

Thin, whip-like tail w/ 1-2 spines

NO caudal fin

'Typical’ stingray

Myliobatidae

Eagle ray family

Small but distinct dorsal fin

NO caudal fin

Head distinct, elevated from disc

1 or more spines on tail on most members

Chimaeridae

Chimeras + Ratfish family

Short, fleshy, and rounded rostrum

*Large spine(s) in front of dorsal fin*

Prominent lateral line

No scales

Sarcopterygii

Class - lobe finned fish

Lepidosirenidae

South American and African lungfish family

Elongated body

Pairs of (long) fleshy appendages

Actinopterygii

Class - ray finned fishes

Polypteridae

Bichirs + Reedfish family

Rhomic ganoid scales

Dorsal fin w/ 5-18 finlets

Fleshy lobe @ base of pectoral fins

Eel-like in appearance

Osteoglossidae

‘Boney Tongues’ family

Toothed maxilla

Superior mouth

Pelvic fins distinctly behind base of pectoral fins

Pelvic fins with 6 rays

Mormyridae

Elephant fish/'baby whale’ family

Elongated proboscis-like snout w/ terminal mouth

Anal, caudal, and pelvic fins present

Caudal peduncle narrow, caudal fin deeply forked

Albulidae

Bone fish family

Small, inferior mouths that open well behind the snout

Scaleless head (BALD)

Elopidae

Ladyfish family

Fusiform body, slightly compressed

Terminal mouth

Gular bone present

Adipose deposits around eyes

Generally smaller than Megalopidae

Megalopidae

Tarpon family

Fusiform body

Superior mouth

Gular bone present

Long filamentous dorsal fin

Larger than elopidae

Muraenidae

Moray eel family

Elongate body w/o pectoral fins

Lateral line pores on head instead of body

Gill openings restricted to small roundish lateral openings

Mouth w/ many large teeth

Congridae

Conger eel family

Dorsal/anal fins continue around end of tail

Upper jaw protrudes past lower jaw

Pectoral fins present

Complete lateral line

Engraulidae

Anchovy family

Huge mouths relative to size

Bulbous “snout” - inferior mouth

Large eyes near end of snout

No scutes on body

Cobitidae

Cobitid loaches / ‘true loach’ family

Subterminal mouth, worm-like body

3-6 pairs of barbels

Erectile spine below eye

One row pharyngeal teeth

Ariidae

Sea catfish family

Caudal fins deeply forked

Adipose fin present

2-3 pairs of barbels around mouth

Pectoral + dorsal fins have a spine

Loricariidae

Sucker mouthed armored catfish family

Body w/ bony plates

Mouth ventral, barbels sometimes

Ventral lip papillose

Adipose fin (if present) usually has a spine

Largest family of catfish

Synodontidae

Lizard fish family

Large tooth-filled mouth

Lizard-like appearance

Serrasalmidae

Piranhas, Pacus, silverdollar family

Compressed fish w/ terminal mouths

Often very obvious teeth that are shark-like or triangular

Myctophidae

Laternfish family

Large eyes

Relatively large mouth

Many have photophores on ventral side

Ophidiidae

Cusk eel family

Eel-like with large mouths

Dorsal and anal fins are continuous around tail

Maybe barbels, maybe scales

‘Shorter/fatter eel’

Gadidae

Cod family

Prominent chin barbel

2-3 dorsal fin, 1-2 anal fins that make them look contiguous

Batrachoididae

Toadfish & Midshipman family

Many tiny barbels on chin (if toadfish)

Opercular spine present

Scaleless body

Antennariidae

Frogfish, anglerfish, sargassamfish family

Deep-bodied w/ large mouth (dorsal-ventral side)

Modified dorsal spine acting as lure

Leg-like fins

Ogcocephalidae

Batfish family

Similar to rays but has leg-like appendages

Snout has lure apparatus

Modified dorsal fin above mouth

Body depressed, ventrally flattened

Tubercle-like scales

Scopaenidae

Lionfish, scorpionfish, rockfish family

Dorsal fin + 11-17 venemous spines

1-2 spines on operculum

3-5 spines on preopercle

Many w/ fleshy head appendages

Belonidae

Needlefish family

Elongate w/ jaws forming “long beak” w/ sharp teeth

Dorsal + anal fins posterior on body

Nostrils in pit anterior to eye

Spineless fins

Holocentridae

Squirrelfish family

Pelvic fin w/ one spine

Large eyes, lateral stripe pattern

Spikey opercle

Large anal spine

Forked caudal fin

Syngnathidae

Pipefish and seahorse family

Elongate body, cased in bony rings (hard when touched)

No pelvic fins

Trumpet-like snout w/ small mouth

No caudal fin in some

Triglidae

Searobins + Gurnard family

Large pectoral fins w/ lower 3 rays free + enlarged

2 separate dorsal fins

Bony head w/ terminal or slightly inferior mouth

Mugilidae

Mullet (mugil) family

Silvery, cylindrical w/ large head

Pectoral fins high on sides of body

Spinous (4 spines) w/ soft dorsal fins, widely separated

Centropomidae

Snook family

Long snout, longer lower jaw than upper

Prominent lateral line extending onto tail

Anal fin with 3 spines

Apogonidae

Cardinal fish family

Large mouthed

Division of dorsal fin into 2 separate fins

Echeneidae

Remora + sharksucker family

Elongate body w/ flattened head

Sucking disk on head

Rachycentridae

Cobia family

Elongate body w/ flattened head

Lower jaw protrudes past upper jaw

Single species — rachycentron canadum

looks like a remora.. but no sucking disk'

Carangidae

Jacks family

2 anal spines separate from fin

Some w/ bony scutes on caudal peduncle

Generally w/ laterally compressed body

2 dorsal fins w/ 1st having 4-8 spines and 2nd having 1 spine

Serranidae

Grouper and sea bass family

Opercle with 3 spines

Anal fin with 3 spines

Lateral line complete, but stops before tail

Dorsal fin continuous w/ 7-13 spines

Big mouth, similar to freshwater bass mouth

Lutjanidae

Snapper family

Anal fin w/ 3 spines

Moderate to large terminal mouth, enlarged canine teeth

Caudal fin truncate to deeply forked

Dorsal fin continuous w/ small notch + 9-12 spines

Haemulidae

Grants + Sweetlip family

Anal fin w/ 3 spines

Small mouth, no canine teeth

Lack spines on operculum

Dorsal fin continuous w/ 9-12 spines

Sparidae

Pinfish, porgies, sheepshead family

Dorsal fin continuous w/ 10-13 spines

Small mouths w/ space between eyes + mouth

Maxilla hidden behind sheath when mouth is closed

Anal fin w/ 3 spines

Mullidae

Goatfish family

2 long hyoid barbels

Anal fin w/ 1-2 small spines

Caudal fin forked

Elongate body, 2 widely separated dorsal fins, 1st w/ 6-8 spines, 2nd w/ 1 spine

Pomacanthidae

Angelfish family

Body strongly compressed

Strong spine @ angle of preopercle

Dorsal fin continuous w/ 9-15 spines

3 spines on anal fin

Chaetodonidae

Butterflyfish + bannerfish family

Strongly compressed body

Can have spine @ preopercle angle

Distinct lateral line

Continuous dorsal fin, slight notch and 6-16 spines

3-5 spines on anal fin

Acanthuridae

Surgeonfish, tangs, unicornfish family

Pelvic fins w/ 1 spine

1+ moveable spines on caudal peduncle

Dorsal fins w/ 4-9 spines

Ephippidae

Spadefish family

Spade-like appearance

Body deep + laterally compressed

Preoperculum w/ finely serrated margins

Pomacentridae

Damselfish family

Single nostril on each side of head

High and compressed body, small mouth

Anal fin w/ 2-3 spines

Single continuous dorsal fin

Cichlidae

Cichlid family

Single nostril on each side

Interrupted lateral line

3-15 spines on anal fin

7-25 spines on dorsal fin

Labridae

Wrass, parrotfish, and weed whiting family

Mouth protractile w/ fang like teeth

Beaks in parrotfishes

Most w/ large conspicuous scales

Dorsal fin w/ 8-21 spines

Anal fin w/ 2-6 spines

Blenniidae

Blenny family

Blunt head

Small pelvic fins

Many have “eyelashes”

Body naked or scaled

Elongate w/ long dorsal + anal fin

Gobiidae

Goby family

Pelvic fins united forming an adhesive or sucking disk

Spinous dorsal fin when present (2-8 spines)

Cycloid or ctenoid scales

Sphyraenidae

Barracuda + Sennet family

Elongate body w/ large tooth-filled mouth

Well developed lateral line

Underbite

2 widely separated dorsal fins, 1st w/ 5 spines, 2nd w/ 1 spine

Scombridae

Tuna + mackerel family

5-12 finlets behind 2nd dorsal fin and anal fin

Slender caudal peduncle w/ 2 keels

2 dorsal fins depressible into groves

Uranoscopidae

Stargazer family

Top-mounted eyes

Large, upward mouth on large head

2 large venomous spines behind opercles + above pectoral fins

Polynemidae

Threadfin family

Compressed fish w/ several free pectoral fin rays

Shark-like face w/ subterminal mouth

Pomatomidae

Bluefish family

Bulldog face w/ triangular teeth

Compressed body

One species - Pomatomus salatrix

Gerreidae

Mojarra family

Silvery and Perch-like

Very protrusible jaws

Pleuronectidae

Righteye flounder family

Long + continuous dorsal and anal fins

Pelvic fin base longer on eyed side

Pelvic fins spineless

Soleidae

Sole family

Pectoral fins present but reduced

Caudal fin free from dorsal + anal fins

Looks like the soles of shoes… different from tonguefish bc of pectoral fin presence

Cynglossidae

Tonguefish family

Dorsal + anal fins continuous around tail

No pectoral fins

Tongue shaped… different from soles bc of pectoral fin absence

Balistidae

Triggerfish family

Lacks pelvic fins

Can lock dorsal fin spine

3 dorsal spines

Tetraodontidae

Pufferfish family

FOUR fused TEETH in jaws

Inflatable body

Body naked or w/ only short prickles

Molidae

Ocean sunfish family

No spines in dorsal or anal fins

No caudal peduncle or caudal fin

Two fused teeth in jaws