Perceptual Motor Learning - KINE 216 - Quiz 5

Neuron Plasticity - def and other name for

brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neuronal connections in response to injury, learning and practice throughout the lifespan

- "cortical remapping"

Ten Principles of experience dependent plasticity

1. use it or lose it

2. use it and improve it

3. specificity

4. repetition matters

5. intensity matters

6. time matters

7. salience matters

8. age matters

9. transference

10. interference

Salience

to add meaningful engagement to something

Transference

one activity can pos affect another

Interference

one activity can neg affect another

What part of the brain is focused on memory?

all fur lobes, the diencephalon, and the limbic system

- ALL PARTS OF THE BRAIN ARE INVOLVED

3 main memory functions

1. storage of info

2. retrieval of info

3. system specific functions

Model of Memory

input -> sensory memory --selective attention--> working memory --rehearsal-->

How does a memory go from sensory to working memory?

selective attention

Sensory Memory - capacity and duration

fades in milliseconds but unlimited capacity

Working Memory - capacity and duration

7 +/- 2 items (5-9 items) at a time and 20-30 seconds

3 parts to working memory

1. Central Executive

2. Phonological Loop

3. Visuospatial Sketchpad

Another name for working memory is?

short term memory

Central Executive

where decision are made, flow of info is controlled, and pulls form the long term memory

Visuospatial Sketchpad

spatial and visual info for short term

Phonological Loop

spoken and written language is held here for a short time

Long Term Memory - capacity and duration

unlimited capacity and duration

3 types of long term memory

1. procedural

2. declarative: episodic

3. declarative: semantic

Procedural

procedure on how do something; skills, actions, and movements

Episodic

facts to specific events

- THINK: like a flashback

Semantic

general knowledge form experience that is not time related

- THINK: things learnt in school such as bone names and muscle insertions

What are the declarative long term memories? And what type of memory do they hold?

episodic and semantic

- factual memory

Working Memory - def

Memory system associated with sensory, perceptual, attentional, and short-term memory processes

- Involved in all situations requiring temporary use and storage of information

Working Memory - function

enables people to respond to the demands of a right now situation

- Critical role in decision making, problem solving, movement planning and execution

- Interacts with long-term memory (retrieves info & moves info there)

Working memory serves as an ?

interactive workspace

How can you increase the size of working memory?

chunking

2 theories of forgetting

1. decay theory

2. interference theory

Decay Theory

if info is not used then the info will be lost

Interference Theory

old info gets in the way of new info, or new info gets in the way of the retrieval of old info

2 types of interference

1. proactive interference

2. retroactive interference

Proactive Interference

old info gets in the way of new info

Reactive Interference

new info gets in the way of the retrieval of old info

Practical Implication of memory - keep instructions, cues, feedback ? and ?

- keep feedback short and simple

Practical Implication of memory - ? key learning points

- repeat key learning pts

Practical Implication of memory - provide opportunities for ?

- provide opportunities for physical rehearsal

Practical Implication of memory - relate new skill to ?

- relate new skill to a previously learned skill

Practical Implication of memory - use meaningful ? and ?

- use meaningful labels and analogies

Practical Implication of memory - group or ? movements

- group or chunk movements

It (is / is not) normal to lose memory and cognitive function as you age.

is not normal

Healthy Aging sensory decline: taste, hearing, vision, and smell ex

taste - bitter taste stay longest so extra salty in food

hearing - high pitch frequency disappear first

vison - prob need reading glasses

smell - more perfume/cologne bc dec smell

Healthy Aging mild decline in

- memory

- mental felxibility

- ability to recall people name, object, and places

T?F: there is a general slowing of info processing as u age?

true

Aging (is / is not) a disease

is not

Dementia

disease of the brain that causes a decline in memory and intellectual functioning from some previously higher level of functioning severe enough to interfere with everyday life

T/F: Dementia is a syndrome

true

Common signs of dementia

- memory loss (new info vs. old info)

- disorientation to time, place, and people

- language problems

- diminished concentration (distracted easy)

- visual, spatial, perceptual problems (sense of direction; esp in a new environment)

- difficulty with complex task and learning new concepts

- problems with abstract reasoning, problem solving, and judgement

- chgs in personality, mood , and behavior (in the frontal lobe; see a lot of frustration bc of this)

Diagnosed How?

not a single test that can diagnose dementia but you can rule out other diseases

- physical and neurological exams

- neuroimaging

- functional assessments of ADLs and IADLs through OT and PT evaluations

- mental status exam: neurophysiological testing

ADLs and IADLs stand for

- activities of daily living

- instrument of activities of daily living (more like hobbies)

Diff b/t dementia and alzheimers?

Dementia is the syndrome which Alzheimers falls under

5 types of dementia in order of most prevalent least

1. Alzheimer dementia

2. Vascular dementia

3. Lewy body dementia

4. frontotemporal dementia

5. Parkinson's dementia

?% of patients with dementia who have Alzheimers

50-75%

?% of patients with dementia who have vascular dementia

20-30%

?% of patients with dementia who have Lewy body dementia

10-25%

?% of patients with dementia who have frontotemporal dementia

10-15%

? mil of Americans over 65 have Alzheimers Disease (AD)

7 mil

AD has a new case ever ? sec

72 sec

1/? chance of AD if over 65 and 1/? if over 75

1/9 over 65

1/2 over 85

Approx ?% aren't diagnosed with AD

50%

Almost ? mil people in the USA care for people with AD?

11 mil

Healthcare has spent about ? billion dollars for AD?

$360 billion

?/? women get AD

2/3

Is AD more prevalent in men or women?

women

AD is a ?, ?, ? disease of the brain.

a progressive, degenerative, and neurological

Progressive

gets worse

Degenrertive

tears down

Neurological

affect nervous system

AD (is / is not) reversible

is not

AD is related to a ? and ? chg in the brain

chemical and structural chg in the brain

AD def

steady decline in memory and cognitive function severe enough to interfere with everyday life

What does AD look like?

- neurofibrillary tangles cause by tau proteins (tauopathy)

- amyloid plaques

- dec in chemical that facilitate memory

- cell dead bc of tangles

- brain atrophy/shrink

Progression of AD - the three stages and their time

1. early stage - 2-4 yrs

2. middle stage 2-10 yrs

3. late stage 1-3 yrs

Early Stage of AD

- Forgetfulness

- Trouble multi-tasking

- Writes reminders (to compensate) but loses them

- Personality changes (defensive)

- Shows up at the wrong time or day

- Changes in appearance (minor)

- Preference for familiar things

- Often defensive about issues/denies a problem

- May only be noticeable to close family/friends

Middle Stage of AD

- Fluctuating disorientation

- Diminished insight

- Learning new things becomes difficult

- Declining recognition of acquaintances, distant relatives, then more sig. relationships

- Mood and behavioral changes

- Functional declines

- Alterations in sleep and appetite

- Wandering

- Noticeable to everyone

Key symptoms of middle stages

Wandering, bc late stage can't physically wander, and early stage still has enough mental to not to