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吗
used to turn a statement into a yes/no question
她先生也是中国人吗?
呢
often follows a noun, a pronoun, or a phrase to form a follow-up question
我姓王。您呢?
吧
used to indicate tentativeness of a supposition, suggestion, or question
李先生一定是北京人吧?
我不知道,你问他吧。
的
links a noun and its modifier (modifier 的 noun)
中国人的姓名
北京出生的孩子
。。。有的。。。有的。。。
中国人的姓,有的是以前的地名,有的是动物名。
二
use when you count
两
use when followed by a measure word (两个) - specific quantities
noun phrases
number, measure word, and other elements
coverbs
introduce phrases that denote the place, time, interest, purpose, reason, means, or manner in which an action takes place
在,为,跟,用,替,给,etc.
有
place word - PW + 有 + N
中国有很多高山。
在
place word - N + 在 + PW
他家在上海。
头/边/面
树上 + suffix(on the top of the tree)
湖里 + suffix(in the lake)
楼前 + suffix(in front of the building)
上/下/前/后/左/右/里/外/东/南/西/北
direction
头/边/面/部
suffix
when 了 is used
completion of an event (我吃了饭,他买了三本书,我看了一个小时电视)
change of state (下雨了,天黑了,他不来了,我二十岁了)
action started and still going - …了…了。 (我学了三年中文了;我们已经学了一年的中文了;已经下了三天雨了)
condition of being excessive - together with 太 (上海的夏天太热了!)
imminent future action - used with 就要,要,快要 (太阳就要出来了;上海块到了吗?快了!)
how long 没 - V 了 (我已经三个晚上没睡觉了)
就
describing something that happened early, quickly, or easily
才
describes something that happened late, slow, or with difficulty
V + resultative ending + 了
the result has been achieved
睡醒了,睁开了,流出来了,看见了
没 + V + resultative ending
no result has been achieved
没睡醒,没睁开,没流出来,没看见
V + 得 + resultative ending
action able to produce result
睁得开,看得见,流得出来
V + 不 + resultative ending
action not able to produce result
睁不开,看不见,流不出来
的
modifies a noun (modifier + 的 + noun)
我的书,漂亮的衣服,昨天买的苹果,他说的话
地
modifies a verb - describes how an action is done (adverb/adjective + 地 + verb)
他高兴地笑了,他慢慢地走,认真地学习
得
comes after a verb or adjective to describe the result or degree (verb + 得 + complement)
他跑得很快,你说的对,他唱的好听,累的睡着了
几
small numbers < 10
多少
any number, large or unknown
一些/这些/那些/哪些
some/a few
these
those
which (plural)
when 的 is not needed
when personal pronouns modify words denoting people closely related to them -您太太 or 我先生
when the modifier is the name of a language, a country, or a city indicating place of origin - 中国人 or 北京人
when monosyllabic stative verbs “fuse” with the modified nouns - 男孩; 女孩; 伟人;贵姓
when a monosyllabic stative verb is modified by an adverb, 的 is needed - 好人 changes to 很好的人
when 了 is not used
with non-action verbs (是,叫,姓,爱,能,会,觉得,知道)
habitual/repeated actions (with adverbs 常常,每天,- 去年我们常常到山上去玩儿 x )
verbs taking verbal constructions as their objects (决定,开始,请,要,叫 - 他们决定 x 第二天一起飞到天上去)
speech verbs taking (in)direct speech as their objects (说,问,听说 - 我问 x 爸爸我为什么不能有个弟弟?他说 x 一家只能有一个孩子。)
When you use 没 (没有) to negate a past action or completed event, you drop 了 - 我没吃饭, 我没去过中国,我没看见他 (exceptions when the action is no longer or changed 我没钱了)