CHIN 111 GRAMMAR

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Last updated 1:48 PM on 10/5/26
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30 Terms

1
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吗

used to turn a statement into a yes/no question

她先生也是中国人吗?

2
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呢

often follows a noun, a pronoun, or a phrase to form a follow-up question

我姓王。您呢?

3
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吧

used to indicate tentativeness of a supposition, suggestion, or question

李先生一定是北京人吧?

我不知道,你问他吧。

4
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的

links a noun and its modifier (modifier 的 noun)

中国人的姓名

北京出生的孩子

5
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。。。有的。。。有的。。。

中国人的姓,有的是以前的地名,有的是动物名。

6
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二

use when you count

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两

use when followed by a measure word (两个) - specific quantities

8
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noun phrases

number, measure word, and other elements

9
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coverbs

introduce phrases that denote the place, time, interest, purpose, reason, means, or manner in which an action takes place

在,为,跟,用,替,给,etc.

10
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有

place word - PW + 有 + N

中国有很多高山。

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在

place word - N + 在 + PW

他家在上海。

12
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头/边/面

树上 + suffix(on the top of the tree)

湖里 + suffix(in the lake)

楼前 + suffix(in front of the building)

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上/下/前/后/左/右/里/外/东/南/西/北

direction

14
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头/边/面/部

suffix

15
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when 了 is used

  1. completion of an event (我吃了饭,他买了三本书,我看了一个小时电视)

  2. change of state (下雨了,天黑了,他不来了,我二十岁了)

  3. action started and still going - …了…了。 (我学了三年中文了;我们已经学了一年的中文了;已经下了三天雨了)

  4. condition of being excessive - together with 太 (上海的夏天太热了!)

  5. imminent future action - used with 就要,要,快要 (太阳就要出来了;上海块到了吗?快了!)

  6. how long 没 - V 了 (我已经三个晚上没睡觉了)


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就

describing something that happened early, quickly, or easily

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才

describes something that happened late, slow, or with difficulty

18
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V + resultative ending + 了

the result has been achieved

睡醒了,睁开了,流出来了,看见了

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没 + V + resultative ending

no result has been achieved

没睡醒,没睁开,没流出来,没看见

20
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V + 得 + resultative ending

action able to produce result

睁得开,看得见,流得出来

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V + 不 + resultative ending

action not able to produce result

睁不开,看不见,流不出来

22
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的

modifies a noun (modifier + 的 + noun)

我的书,漂亮的衣服,昨天买的苹果,他说的话

23
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地

modifies a verb - describes how an action is done (adverb/adjective + 地 + verb)

他高兴地笑了,他慢慢地走,认真地学习

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得

comes after a verb or adjective to describe the result or degree (verb + 得 + complement)

他跑得很快,你说的对,他唱的好听,累的睡着了

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几

small numbers < 10

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多少

any number, large or unknown

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一些/这些/那些/哪些

some/a few

these

those

which (plural)

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29
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when 的 is not needed

  1. when personal pronouns modify words denoting people closely related to them -您太太 or 我先生

  2. when the modifier is the name of a language, a country, or a city indicating place of origin - 中国人 or 北京人

  3. when monosyllabic stative verbs “fuse” with the modified nouns - 男孩; 女孩; 伟人;贵姓

  4. when a monosyllabic stative verb is modified by an adverb, 的 is needed - 好人 changes to 很好的人


30
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when 了 is not used

  1. with non-action verbs (是,叫,姓,爱,能,会,觉得,知道)

  2. habitual/repeated actions (with adverbs 常常,每天,- 去年我们常常到山上去玩儿 x )

  3. verbs taking verbal constructions as their objects (决定,开始,请,要,叫 - 他们决定 x 第二天一起飞到天上去)

  4. speech verbs taking (in)direct speech as their objects (说,问,听说 - 我问 x 爸爸我为什么不能有个弟弟?他说 x 一家只能有一个孩子。)

  5. When you use 没 (没有) to negate a past action or completed event, you drop 了 - 我没吃饭, 我没去过中国,我没看见他 (exceptions when the action is no longer or changed 我没钱了)