Effective Communication: Conflict Management, Advocacy, Small Group, Inclusive Language, and Discourse

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering all five lecture topics: Conflict Management, Persuasive Advocacy and Public-Facing Texts, Small Group Communication, Inclusive and Ethical Language, and Discourse and Context.

Conflict (Alitan)

A disagreement or argument that becomes emotionally charged, involving feelings such as anger, frustration, or resentment.

Disagreement (Di-pagkakasundo)

A difference in opinions, ideas, or preferences between people.

Argument (Pagtatalo)

An exchange of differing views that can be constructive when participants respectfully explain their perspectives.

Mental Filter

The way a person's emotions influence how they interpret messages, leading either to heightened sensitivity to threats or open, trusting interpretations.

Nonverbal Leakage

The unintentional display of emotions through nonverbal behavior such as tone of voice, body movements, or facial expressions.

Emotional Triggers

Situations or messages that provoke strong emotional reactions, often activating a fight, flight, or freeze response.

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions while responding effectively to the emotions of others.

Assertiveness

In conflict management, the dimension representing the degree to which an individual prioritizes or places importance on their own needs (pagbibigay-halaga sa sariling pangangailangan).

Cooperativeness

In conflict management, the dimension representing the degree to which an individual prioritizes or places importance on the needs of others (pagbibigay-halaga sa pangangailangan ng iba).

Avoiding (Pag-iwas)

A conflict management style characterized by low assertiveness and low cooperativeness where one chooses not to address the conflict immediately.

Accommodating (Pagpaparaya)

A conflict management style characterized by low assertiveness and high cooperativeness where an individual puts the other person's needs above their own to maintain harmony.

Competing (Pakikipagpaligsahan)

A conflict management style characterized by high assertiveness and low cooperativeness where one pursues their own goals at the expense of others.

Compromising (Pagkompromiso)

A conflict management style where both parties meet halfway and give up something to reach a mutually acceptable, partial solution.

Collaborating (Pagtutulungan)

A conflict management style characterized by high assertiveness and high cooperativeness where all parties work together to find a solution that fully satisfies everyone's needs.

Kapwa

A core Filipino value recognizing that the self and other people share an identity (shared identity), possessing dignity, feelings, perspectives, and the right to be heard.

Pakikiramdam

A Filipino communicative value denoting the capacity to be sensitive to the unstated feelings and implications of others through subtle nonverbal and contextual cues.

Hiya

A Filipino cultural concept tied to dignity and self-respect, reminding communicators to address conflicts without subjecting the involved party to public humiliation.

Pahiwatig

An indirect way of conveying a message using tone, silence, jokes, hints (parinig), or veiled statements (patama) to protect interpersonal relationships.

Demand-Withdraw

A toxic conflict pattern wherein one partner or member repeatedly demands discussion or answers while the other continually withdraws or avoids contact.

Kitchen-Sinking

A destructive conflict behavior in which a person dredges up numerous past grievances, mistakes, and unrelated complaints during an ongoing dispute.

Silent Treatment

The intentional refusal to communicate or acknowledge someone as a method of punishing, manipulating, or exerting control over them.

Emotional Invalidation

The act of dismissing, rejecting, or trivializing another person's expressed emotions and experiences during an interaction.

Public-Facing Text (Tekstong Pampubliko)

Writing produced for a broad, general readership intended to share information, viewpoints, or proposals regarding matters of social significance.

Advocacy Text

A form of civic engagement writing that promotes specific causes, safeguards rights, influences public opinion, and prompts concrete societal action.

Manifesto

A public declaration outlining the unified principles, overarching beliefs, and shared goals of a group or movement to mobilize public backing.

Open Letter

A widely published communication addressed to an individual leader or institution to build public awareness and encourage institutional action.

Social Commentary

An evaluative piece of writing that investigates a societal issue, presents a defined stance, and applies credible evidence to foster critical public reflection.

Petition

A formal written document that aggregates public support and signatures to demand policy adjustments, improved services, or legislative action.

Public Service Announcement (PSA)

A brief, compelling promotional message presented across mass media or digital platforms designed to raise awareness and foster positive community behavior.

Press Release

An official organizational announcement distributed to journalists and media entities to disclose newsworthy events, stances, or developments.

Public Report (Ulat Pampubliko)

A document providing data, operational outcomes, expenditures, and progress assessments regarding public welfare initiatives to ensure accountability.

Small Group

A collection of at least three individuals who interact regularly, share a common objective, and perceive themselves as members of a collective unit.

Centralized Communication Structure

A group communication network in which updates, information, and decisions pass primarily through a single central figure.

Decentralized Communication Structure

An open communication network allowing members to interact freely and directly with one another, fostering broad participation and creative sharing.

Task Roles

Behaviors and functions assumed by group members that directly contribute to organizing work, evaluating ideas, and accomplishing task objectives.

Maintenance Roles

Behaviors and functions assumed by group members aimed at fostering cohesion, resolving social friction, and sustaining positive group climate.

Gatekeeper

A group maintenance role focused on regulating interaction channels to ensure that all members have equitable opportunities to speak and participate.

Free Rider

An individual who minimizes their personal contribution to a group project while relying on other group members to complete the assignment.

Forming Stage

The preliminary phase of group development where members assemble, familiarize themselves with one another, and define early rules and responsibilities.

Storming Stage

The second phase of group development characterized by emerging interpersonal friction, competing perspectives, and divergent working approaches.

Norming Stage

The developmental phase where a group settles on operational procedures, establishes shared standards, and solidifies group cohesion.

Performing Stage

The stage of group maturity where members coordinate smoothly, deploy their collective competencies, and make substantial progress toward their goals.

Adjourning Stage

The concluding stage of group development in which members conclude tasks, disband the team, and review their collective performance.

Roundtable Discussion

A forum setup wherein equal participants explore problems and devise collective solutions under the impartial guidance of a facilitator.

Panel Discussion

A structured forum where a small group of specialists or panelists present varied perspectives on an issue before an audience, guided by a moderator.

Inclusive Language

Communication choices that respect diverse identities, circumstances, and lived experiences without relying on discriminatory or exclusionary assumptions.

Binary Language

Expressions that operate under the assumption that all people strictly belong to one of two gender categories: male or female.

Sexist Language

Words, phrases, or remarks that promote stereotypes, unequal expectations, or discriminatory bias based on an individual's sex or gender.

Person-First Language

A linguistic framing that refers to the human being before their diagnosis or condition (e.g., 'person with a disability'), prioritizing individual dignity.

Identity-First Language

A linguistic framing that places the condition or trait ahead of the person (e.g., 'Deaf person', 'Autistic person') when chosen by communities as a marker of pride and cultural identity.

Ageism

Prejudice, stereotyping, or systemic discrimination against individuals or groups predicated solely on their chronological age.

Stigmatizing Language

Expressions that associate particular individuals, health conditions, or circumstances with shame, danger, incompetence, or inferiority.

Discourse

The meaningful application and interpretation of communication situated within a specific context, transcending isolated linguistic mechanics.

Linguistic Context (Co-text)

The surrounding verbal elements, clauses, and sentences that determine the exact reference, meaning, and nuances of an expression.

Situational Context

The real-time physical and social circumstances of communication, including participants, setting, timing, interpersonal relationships, and communicative purposes.

Cultural Context

The broader background of traditions, shared values, historical experiences, and societal customs informing how words, humor, and symbols are understood.

Language Register

A distinct stylistic variety of language selected according to the formality, setting, relationship, topic, and purpose of an interaction.

Frozen Register (Static)

A set, unchanging variety of language traditionally reserved for legal documents, prayers, official oaths, and ritual ceremonies.

Consultative Register

A professional and polite language register employed when speaking with authorities, service providers, or individuals where social distance is maintained.

Sociolinguistic Competence (Kakayahang Sosyolingguwistiko)

The ability to produce and comprehend language appropriately across varied social contexts, factoring in participants, setting, norms, and objectives.

SPEAKING Model

Dell Hymes' sociolinguistic mnemonic analyzing communication contexts: Setting, Participants, Ends, Act Sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norms, and Genre.

Code-Switching

The linguistic practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties (such as Tagalog and English) within an utterance or discourse.

Euphemism (Euphemismo)

A mild, considerate, or roundabout expression utilized in place of blunt or abrasive words to prevent embarrassment, insult, or social friction.

Hedging

The strategic use of cautious words or qualifiers (such as 'perhaps', 'it seems', or 'possibly') to moderate claims, soften criticisms, or signal modesty.