Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Exam Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering wildlife ecology, historical conservation eras, leaders, hunting classifications, management components, and deer and bear biology.

Black bear species

The two species of black bear: the American black bear and the Asiatic black bear.

Black bear independence

Cubs split from their mother and become self reliant by their second spring.

Impacts of animal domestication

Led to wild stock being considered undesirable, over grazing, tragedy of the commons, and the eradication of predators.

Market hunting era

Wildlife era spanning 1850 - 1899, defined by the myth of superabundance.

Wildlife impacts of the market hunting era

Extinction of passenger pigeons and the carolina parakeet, and the reduction of bison from 30 million to 150.

Preservation era

Era marked by legal protections, the establishment of the National park service, John Muir, and the creation of the first National wildlife refuge.

John Muir

One of the conservation fathers who advocated for the preservation view.

Theo Roosevelt

One of the conservation fathers who established the first forest preservations.

Gifford Pinchot

One of the conservation fathers who served as the 1st chief of the US forest service in 1905.

Conservation era

Spanned 1930-1965; saw the end of game management, Civilian conservation corp during the great depression, Soil conservation service, Bureau of land management, and The wildlife society.

Ding Darling

Leader of the conservation era; reporter/cartoonist who created the Duck stamp.

Aldo Leopold

Leader of the conservation era who authored 'game management' in 1933.

Environmental era

Spanned 1966-1984; driven by environmentalists and marked by the Endangered species act of 1973, Environmental protection agency, and National environmental policy act of 1970.

Rachel Carson

Brought in the environmental era by exposing the impacts of DDT and bioaccumulation.

Present era (wildlife conservation)

Spanning the 1990s-present; focused on conservation biology, biodiversity, animal rights, human dimensions, ecosystem services, and environmental justice.

Wildlife management

The application of scientific knowledge and technical skills to protect, conserve, limit, or enhance wildlife populations.

Components of effective wildlife management

The three integrated elements: Biota, Habitat, and People.

Direct wildlife management

Population monitering to increase, maintain, or decrease wildlife numbers.

Indirect wildlife management

Management conducted through habitat alteration, humans, and prey manipulation.

Game vs. non-game species

Game refers to harvested wildlife, whereas non-game refers to non-harvested species.

Trophy hunting

Hunting of wild animals for sport rather than food, where the animal is usually stuffed and displayed.

Sport hunting

Hunting pursued for personal reasons and fun, rather than for profit.

Subsistence hunting

Hunting for food out of necessity.

Big game

Wildlife harvest primarily consisting of deer, characterized by differing cultural, economic, and recreational values.

Mule deer antler characteristic

Antlers with branches coming off of forks, distinguishing them from white-tailed deer.

Bucks and does

The respective terms for male mule deer (bucks) and female mule deer (does).

Fawns and herds

The respective terms for young mule deer (fawns) and groups of mule deer (herds).

Big game management complexities

Disease

Over population

Human wildlife interaction

Car collisions

Furbearers

Any mammal that is or was traditionally trapped or hunted

Umbrella species

The protection for them extends to other species that their habitat is shared with and helps them as well

Small game and upland birds

birds and small mammals regularly hunted for sport that are NOT classified as furbearers or waterfowl

Unprotected species

A gray zone; includes non-natives, pests, and insects

Common errors of game management

Small scale, Closed system way of thinking, oversimplification, doesnt evaluate impacts

Fishery

aquatic biota interacting with the environment

includes crustaceans and marine mammals

Greenback cutthroat trout prefer…

cold, clear headwater streams and mountain lakes

What is the greatest threat to our state fish?

competition with nonnative trout

State fish was thought to be extinct ___ but was found in____

1937, 1950s

What fraction of the world relies on fish for food?

1/3

Gill nets

Passive sampling

Trap nets

Passive sampling

Long lines

Passive

Pots and traps

Passive

Purse seining

Active

Trawling

Active

Electrofishing

Active sampling

Temporarily stun fish

Non capture sampling methods

Observation and sonar

Barriers to fish

Dams, culvert pipes, low water levels

Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUC)

exists for all entities doing vertebrate research

Invasive techniques of collecting data

trapping, netting, darting

non-invasive techniques of collecting data

observation, camera traps, hair snares, scat, acoustics, radar, eDNA, drones

Temporary marking

dyes, hair/toenail clipping, drop off collars

Permanenet marking

tags, collars, tattoos, bands, radio-telemetry

Bird banding has special rules because…

international protocals and data bases

need a lisence to do so

Take definition

Harm, kill or destroy wildlife and other like words

Lacey Act

1900

First fed law protecting wildlife

if a fish or wildlife species or plant was obtained illegally anywhere, its illegal to trade or transport further

Migratory birds act

1918

made it illegal to posess, sell, trade, import, export, etc birds including eggs and nests

Pittman-Robertson Act

1937

places taxes on hunting equipment and uses those funds for restoration and management/development of habitats

Bald and golden eagle protection act

1940

protects them from taking, posession and commerce

Dingell-Johnson Act

1950

pittman-robertson act for fish

taxes on fishing equipment and small engine fuel

National environmental policy act (NEPA)

1970

assures that all branches of government give proper consideration to the environment prior to taking federal action

Marine mammal protection act

1972

prohibits take of marine mammals in US waters

lots of exceptions for by-catch

Endangered species act

1973

allows protection for all species and habitats except pests and non-natives

IUCN red list

catalogs and highlights plants, fungi, and animals facing risk of global extinction

Convention on international trade in endangered species

CITES

international agreement between governments to ensure international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants doesnt threaten their survival

ESA delisting process

fed register notice published

public comment sought on

recovered species are monitered for 5 years5