Topic 7.5 Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

Flashcards covering Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium principles, underlying criteria, mathematical variables, equations, and step-by-step problem-solving methods.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A theory stating that in the absence of any evolutionary driving forces, the allele frequency in the population will not change over time.

Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The five criteria a population must meet: No Natural Selection, No Gene Flow, No Mutations, No Sexual Selection (Random mating), and No Genetic Drift.

Variable $p$

Represents the frequency of the dominant allele in a population.

Variable $q$

Represents the frequency of the recessive allele in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation #1

$p + q = 1$, which states that the frequency of the dominant allele plus the frequency of the recessive allele equals $100\%$ of the alleles in the population.

Hardy-Weinberg Punnett Square

A Punnett square showing the genotypes resulting from crossing two heterozygous individuals using allele frequencies $p$ and $q$.

Variable $p^2$

Represents the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype ($AA$) in a population.

Variable $2pq$

Represents the frequency of the heterozygous genotype ($Aa$) in a population.

Variable $q^2$

Represents the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype ($aa$) or the recessive phenotype frequency in a population.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation #2

$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$, which states that the sum of the frequencies of the three genotypes equals $100\%$ of the population.

Frequency of Dominant Phenotype

Calculated as $p^2 + 2pq$, which combines the frequencies of the homozygous dominant genotype ($p^2$) and heterozygous genotype ($2pq$).

Steps to Solve Hardy-Weinberg Problems

Step 1: Read, underline, and write equations and variables. Step 2: Compare given values with terms and write them down. Step 3: Solve for $q$. Step 4: Solve for what the question asks.