Chemistry ch 6

lone pair

a pair of nonbonding electrons on an atom.

Dipole

Partially positive and partially negative regions.

Bond Lenght

The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.

Molecular orbitals

Spaces where shared electrons are likely to be found.

Bond energy

The energy needed to break one mole of similar bonds.

Single Bond

Two atoms share one pair of electrons.

Double Bond

Two atoms share two pairs of electrons.

Triple Bond

Two atoms share three pairs of electrons.

VSEPR theory

A theory used to predict molecular shapes based on repulsion between electron pairs.

Hydrogen and halogens

— Usually form only one bond.

Cations

— Positively charged ions that form when atoms lose electrons.

Carbon monoxide

→ CO.

Longer bonds are….

generally weaker than shorter bonds between the same types of atoms.

Polar covalent bonds involve..

unequal sharing of electrons.

Polar molecules have an…

uneven distribution of electrical charge.

Covalent bonds involve…

sharing electrons.

CO₂

linear

H₂O

bent

SO₂

bent

BF₃

trigonal planar

NH₃

trigonal pyramidal

H₂O

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs on oxygen

 H₂S

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs on sulfur.

CH₂Cl₂

Carbon forms 4 single bonds.

Na₂S:

2 sodiums ions 1 sulfur ion

Trigonal planar

= flat triangle.

Trigonal pyramidal

= pyramid shape.

Nonpolar

= even distribution overall, or bond dipoles that cancel.

Linear

= straight line.

Bent

= V-shaped.

Trigonal planar

= flat triangle.

Trigonal pyramidal

= pyramid shape.