Hosa proteins

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

How many different amino acids are there?

20

How many calories per gram of protein

4 calories per gram

How do protein molecules change shape?

Denaturation

What can denature a protein?

Heat, acids, bases, and alcohol

Example of denaturation

Cooking an egg

How many protein types do we have in our bodies?

10,000-100,000

How many amino acids are essential/indispensible

9

How many amino acids are dispensable?

11

Conditionally indispensable amino acids

normally synthesized but some health conditions may require dietary intake of them

What denatures proteins?

Stomach acids

What do proteins form the structure of?

Hair, skin, nails, muscles, organs, blood, and more

What percent of our body is protein?

18-20%

What percent of body protein does skeletal muscle account for?

More than half

What percent of your protein is broken down per day?

3%

What does protein create?

Enzymes, antibodies, hormones

What does protein do in cells?

Transfer potassium and sodium from one side of the cell wall to another

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

Acid-Base Balance

The maintenance of the correct level of of acidity of a body fluid

What happens if the blood becomes to acidic

Threat to life

Buffer

compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH

What is the only macromolecule that can perform cell growth and repair

Protein

Most popular sources of meat protein

Chicken, veal, pork, beef

Plant sources of protein

nuts, seeds, legumes

What religions have high vegan populations

Hinduism, Buddhism, seventh day adventists from the catholic church

Complete proteins

proteins that contain all nine of the essential amino acids

incomplete proteins

proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids

How many grams of protein should you get in a day

0.54-0.73 grams per pound of body fat or 0.8 grams per kilogram

Severe protein deficiencies

Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, cachexia

Kwashishor

This occurs when a person is getting enough overall calories (usually from starchy carbohydrates like rice or grains) but is severely deficient in protein. Because the liver lacks the protein needed to make albumin (which keeps fluid inside the bloodstream), fluid leaks out into the body's tissues. This creates severe swelling (edema), most noticeably causing a deceptively bloated, protruding belly.

Marasmus

is a state of severe, generalized malnutrition where the body is deprived of all macronutrients—protein, fats, and carbohydrates alike. The body enters a desperate survival mode, burning through its own stored fat and skeletal muscle for fuel. This results in extreme muscle wasting and a completely emaciated appearance.

Cachexia

This is a severe, metabolic wasting syndrome that cannot be reversed simply by eating more food. It is triggered by serious underlying illnesses (like advanced cancer, heart failure, or kidney disease) where the body's inflammatory response actively forces rapid, severe destruction of skeletal muscle mass