Biomed EOC

What physiological responses are measured during a polygraph test?

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and galvanic skin response.

Why is it important to establish baselines during a polygraph test?

So that physiological responses during questioning can be compared to determine truthfulness.

Are polygraph tests 100% reliable?

No, they can produce false positives and negatives.

What is a testable hypothesis?

A specific, measurable prediction about the outcome of an experiment.

Differentiate between independent and dependent variables.

Independent variable is manipulated by the researcher; dependent variable is measured to assess the effect.

What is a control in an experiment?

A standard for comparison that remains constant and is not exposed to the experimental treatment.

What are the three main parts of hair?

Cuticle, Cortex, and Medulla.

What is fingerprint minutiae?

Unique ridge patterns and characteristics found in fingerprints.

How many minutiae must be matched to establish an identical fingerprint?

Typically, 12 matching minutiae are required.

What are the four main components of blood and their functions?

Red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), platelets (clotting), plasma (transport nutrients and waste).

Compare presumptive tests and confirmatory tests in blood analysis.

Presumptive tests indicate the presence of blood; confirmatory tests definitively identify blood and type.

What are antigens?

Substances that trigger an immune response, often found on the surface of cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type A have?

They have A antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type B have?

They have B antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type AB have?

They have both A and B antigens on their cells.

Which antigens do people with blood type O have?

They have no A or B antigens on their cells.

How do height and angle affect blood spatter analysis?

Height affects the size and shape of blood droplets; angle affects the pattern and distribution.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

How do the bases of DNA pair together?

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

Define a gene.

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.

What is a chromosome?

A structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.

Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

Genes are parts of DNA, and chromosomes are structures that house the DNA, including all the genes.

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

Describe the process of PCR.

1. Set up mixture with DNA sample, nucleotides, primers, DNA polymerase. 2. Heat to 95°C to separate strands. 3. Cool to 55°C to anneal primers. 4. Heat to 72°C for DNA polymerase to form new strands. 5. Repeat cycles to double DNA amount.

Describe the process of restriction enzymes.

1. Recognition of specific DNA sequences. 2. Binding to DNA at recognition site. 3. Cutting the DNA at recognition site creating blunt or sticky ends. 4. Results in pieces of DNA that can join with other fragments.

Explain the process of gel electrophoresis.

1. DNA profile prepared. 2. Place fragments in wells in agarose gel. 3. Ethidium bromide stains DNA. 4. Electric current applied, fragments move towards cathode due to negative charge. 5. Visible under UV light after dye migration.

Write the complementary strand for the DNA sequence A T G G C G G C C T T A A G C A T G G C G A A T G.

T A C C G C C G G A A T T C G T A C C G C T T A C.

If the restriction enzyme HAEIII cuts between bases GG-CC, how many RFLPs will be created?

Two RFLPs will be created.

During gel electrophoresis, in which direction do DNA fragments move and why?

Towards the positive electrode because DNA is negatively charged.

Which DNA fragments will move through the gel faster?

Smaller DNA fragments move faster than larger ones.

Define cause of death and give examples.

Specific injury, disease, or condition that directly leads to death; examples include heart attack, gunshot wound, cancer.

Define manner of death and give examples.

Category explaining how death happened; examples include natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined.

Define mechanism of death and give examples.

Specific physiological change causing death; examples include blood loss, respiratory failure, cardiac arrest.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

To transport blood and nutrients throughout the body.

What is the function of the urinary system?

To remove waste products from the body and regulate blood volume and pressure.

What is the function of the respiratory system?

To facilitate gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the body.

What is the function of the digestive system?

To break down food and absorb nutrients.

What is the function of the immune system?

To defend against pathogens and disease.

What is the function of the nervous system?

To transmit signals throughout the body for coordination and response.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

To regulate bodily functions through hormones.

Define Livor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Pooling of blood after death that helps estimate time based on coloration.

Define rigor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Stiffening of muscles after death that indicates time elapsed based on stiffness.

Define algor mortis and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Cooling of the body post-mortem that can help estimate time based on temperature.

Define insect activity and explain how it helps estimate the time of death.

Insect activity on the body aids in estimating time of death based on life cycle stages.

Levels of organization in biology.

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What is a TBI? Define the cause and effect.

Traumatic brain injury caused by force impacting the head, resulting in various cognitive and physical symptoms.

What is CTE? Define the cause and effect.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy caused by head injuries, resulting in decline in cognitive function and behavioral changes.

What are the four types of tissue and their basic functions?

Epithelial (protection), connective (support), muscle (movement), nervous (signal transmission).

Describe the flow of blood through the heart.

Superior/inferior vena cava -> R atrium -> tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> L atrium -> mitral valve -> L ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta.

What is homeostasis and how do organisms maintain it?

Maintenance of a stable internal environment through feedback mechanisms.

What are the normal ranges for blood pressure and heart rate?

Normal blood pressure is around 120/80 mmHg; normal heart rate is 60-100 bpm.

What do high/low values of blood pressure indicate?

High indicates hypertension; low indicates hypotension.

What is happening to the body when the systolic pressure is measured?

It's the force exerted by blood on artery walls during heart contraction.

What is happening to the body when the diastolic pressure is measured?

It measures the pressure in arteries when the heart is at rest.

How is blood pressure heard/seen with a sphygmomanometer?

Heard through a stethoscope as cuff deflates; first sound is systolic, last is diastolic.

What does BMI measure and how do you calculate it?

Measures body fat based on height and weight; calculated as weight in kg divided by height in meters squared.

What are some signs of medical problems that can be seen through visual inspection?

Signs include swelling, discoloration, lesions, and abnormal growths.

What does a medical professional look for when listening to heart and lung sounds?

Abnormal sounds may indicate health issues like murmurs, wheezes, or crackles.

Why do we need cholesterol?

Essential for building cell membranes and producing hormones.

Why is having too much cholesterol in the body bad?

Leads to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of heart disease.

What is LDL's function and what levels are desired?

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) transports cholesterol to cells; levels should be below 100 mg/dL.

What is also known as bad cholesterol?

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL).

What is HDL's function and what levels are desired?

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) removes cholesterol from bloodstream; levels should be 60 mg/dL or higher.

What can be done to maintain healthy cholesterol levels?

Regular exercise, balanced diet low in saturated fats, and avoiding tobacco.

What is atherosclerosis and how can it affect blood pressure?

Buildup of plaque in arteries that can increase blood pressure.

What is the relationship between food energy, glucose, and ATP?

Food energy is converted into glucose, which is used to produce ATP.

What are the four biomolecules and their functions?

1. Carbohydrates: provide energy. 2. Proteins: build and repair tissues. 3. Lipids: store energy. 4. Nucleic acids: store genetic information.

How does insulin help cells to use the glucose that you eat?

Insulin acts like a key to unlock cells, allowing glucose to enter for energy or storage.

How do insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose homeostasis?

Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it.

Is the blood glucose feedback loop considered positive or negative feedback?

Negative feedback.

How does the body react to glucose in type 1 diabetes?

Body can't produce insulin, leading to high blood sugar; cells are starved for energy.

How does the body react to glucose in type 2 diabetes?

Body makes insulin, but cells don't respond, leading to high blood sugar and low energy.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 1 is an autoimmune condition with no insulin production; Type 2 involves insulin resistance.

How is each type of diabetes treated?

Type 1 requires insulin injections; Type 2 managed with lifestyle changes and medications.

What is HIPAA and what information does it protect?

HIPAA protects patient health information and restricts sharing without consent.

Differentiate between chronic and acute diseases.

Chronic diseases are long-lasting and progressive; acute diseases are severe but short-term.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Cell division producing two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

What happens to chromosomes during mitosis?

Chromosomes are duplicated and evenly divided between daughter cells.

What makes cancer cells different from normal cells?

Cancer cells grow uncontrollably and do not respond to normal growth signals.

What are the basic categories of protein functions?

1. Driving cellular reactions, 2. Providing Defense, 3. Building Structures, 4. Transporting Materials, 5. Coordinating Cellular Activities, 6. Movement.

Define driving cellular reactions.

Proteins responsible for digestion, biosynthesis, and controlling cell growth and division.

Define providing defense.

Defensive proteins that combat foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses.

Define building structures.

Support proteins like collagen and keratin that build structures.

Define transporting materials.

Transport proteins carry nutrients and gases in the body.

Define coordinating cellular activities.

Hormonal proteins help maintain homeostasis and sensory proteins interpret the environment.

Define movement.

Motor and contractile proteins that assist in muscle movement and cell division.

Where do transcription and translation take place?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.

What are the products of transcription and translation?

Transcription produces mRNA; translation produces proteins.

What enzymes are involved in translation?

rRNA.

What enzymes are involved in transcription?

DNA helicase and RNA polymerase.

Fill in the Blanks: All instructions for proteins are stored in our (1) ____, which is located in a cell's (2) ____. This DNA must be copied into (3) ____, through a process called (4) ____. This process takes place in the (5) ____. The (6) ____ then takes the message to the (7) ____, specifically to a ribosome. This is where the process of (8) ____ takes place. A tRNA matches its (9) ____ to a (10) ____ on the mRNA. The tRNA then leaves its (11) ____ to join the growing chain that will become a (12) ____.

1. DNA, 2. nucleus, 3. mRNA, 4. transcription, 5. nucleus, 6. mRNA, 7. cytoplasm, 8. translation, 9. anticodon, 10. codon, 11. amino acid, 12. protein.

How does substitution mutations form?

By replacing one nucleotide with another during DNA replication.

How does insertion mutations form?

By adding an extra nucleotide to the DNA sequence during replication.

How does deletion mutations form?

By removing one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence during replication.

Difference between alleles and genes.

A gene is a unit of heredity that codes for a specific trait; an allele is a specific version of that gene.

Difference between genotype and phenotype.

Genotype is the set of alleles for a gene; phenotype is the physical expression of the trait.

What is a karyotype and what information can it provide?

A visual representation of chromosomes used to identify chromosomal abnormalities.

What is the purpose of meiosis?

To produce gametes with half the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction.

What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

Chromosomes undergo replication, pairing, and separation, resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells.

What is nondisjunction?

The failure of chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during cell division.