Adult Sheep sudden death and ill thrift

What diagnostic tools do you have?

PM: gross pathology, Examine in contact animals, sampling, cost, sample enough animals

What preventative measure do you have?

biosecurity (quarantine), isolation, move from suspect pastures/shed, reduce stress, vaccination, anthelmintics and pasture management

What is the difference between sudden death and found dead?

BCS, position of carcass, history (feeding, routine treatments, recent stressful events)

What are the main causes of sudden death in the UK?

Pasteurellosis, Parasitic disease, Poisoning, Clostridial diseases

Whats the causative agent of Pasteurellosis pneumonic form?

M. haemolytica or P. multocida

What are lesions associated with Pasteurellosis pneumonic form?

hemorrhagic to fibrinonecrotic lobal bronchopneumonia/fibrinous pleuritis → abscessation and adhesion formation

Whats the causative agent of Pasteurellosis systemic form?

Bibersteinia trehalosi

What are lesions associated with Pasteurellosis systemic form?

oropharyngeal ulceration, widespread petechial to ecchymotic hemorrhages, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage

What disease does this image likely show?

What disease does this image likely show?

Pasteurellosis

What parasitic disease will likely cause sudden death?

acute fasciola hepatica

hemonchus contortus

What actually causes death in acute liver fluke?

acute, widespread hepatic necrosis

When is sudden death from parasitic disease if its liver fluke likely to occur?

late summer/autumn, depends on area

look at parasite forecast

What does this PM show?

Acute liver fluke - hemorrhagic tracts of necrotic liver parenchyma (dark red) and occasionally hemorrhage into the abdomen

What does a PM show if we suspect Haemonchus contortus?

examine/collect abomasal content and abomasal mucosa

What poisons are common in sudden death?

copper and rhododendron, pieris, yew

What is the main cause of poisoning in sheep?

copper

What breeds are affected by copper poisoning in sheep?

all breeds (North Ronaldsay, Charollais, Texel and Suffolk)

least affected: scottish black face

What does the chronic (cumulative) form of copper poisoning look like?

accumulate of copper in the liver → massive release (stressful event) → liver necrosis and hemolytic crisis, acute kidney injury (icterus, hemoglobinuria)

What does the acute form of copper poisoning look like?

overdose of copper (supplements, foot baths) → severe gastrointestinal ulceration and consequences of this

What are sources of copper that can cause toxicity?

pig, poultry and cattle feeds

crops fertilized with pigs and poultry manure

brewing byproducts

supplements

What PM findings will you see in acute copper poisonings?

gastrointestinal ulceration

What PM findings will you see in chronic copper poisonings?

icterus, yellow/orange liver, dark red/black kidneys, hemoglobinuria

When are plant poisonings most common?

following heavy front or snowfall

What are the clinical signs od plant poisoning?

vary depending on plant

What plant is this? IMAGE

Pieris

What plant is this? IMAGE

Rhododendron

What plant is this? IMAGE

Yew

When does death occur in yew poisoning?

within 24 hours from ingestion due to potent cardiotoxic alkaloid

What is the causative agent of pulp kidney?

C. perfringens type D

What is pulpy kidney associated with?

enterotoxemia

growing sheep but any age susceptible

What do you see on PM if there is pulpy kidney disease?

from no gross lesions to very unspecific to typical ones

What nonspecific lesions do you see on PM if pulpy kidney?

clear fluid in body cavities, small petechial hemorrhages on lung and epicardium

What specific lesions do you see on PM if pulpy kidney?

gelatinous clot in the pericardial sac, autolytic kidney, cerebellar coning with hemorrhage, glycosuria

What disease does this image indicate? IMAGE

Pulpy kidney

What is the causative agent of black disease?

C. novyi type B

What is black disease associated with?

all ages, with migration of immature liver fluke in the liver

What PM lesion do you expect to see in black disease?

pale areas (hepatocellular necrosis) of variable size and surrounding darker areas (hyperemia)

What disease does this image indicate?

Black disease

What are the common causative agents of malignant edema (bighead)?

C. septicum, C. chauvoei, C. sordellii, C. novyi type A

Who is most often affected by malignant edema?

All ages, most common in rams associated with wounds from fighting

What lesion is associated with malignant edema?

cellulitis causing massive facial swelling with edema and gas production

What treatment might you attempt if early case of malignant edema?

parenteral penicillin

What clinical signs will you see with Braxy if alive?

high fever, abdominal pain, generalized toxemia

What is the causative agent of Braxy?

C. septicum

What lesion on PM would you see with Braxy?

severe abomasitis

What is the causative agent of Black leg?

C. chauvoei

What species does black leg affect the most?

cattle

What clinical signs will you see with Black leg if alive?

stiffness, unwillingness to move, edema, and crepitus of hing leg muscles

What treatment might you attempt if early case of black leg?

paraenteral penicillin

What lesions would you see on PM of an animal with black leg?

usually greater deep muscle masses (hind and forelimbs), edematous and emphysematous crepitant, dry necrotic muscle fibers (dark red/black)

What disease this PM image likely indicate? IMAGE

Black leg

What BCS do you want in a lowland ewe at mating?

3-3.5

What BCS do you want in a lowland ewe at mid pregnancy and weaning?

2.5-3

What BCS do you want in a hill ewe at mating?

2.5-3

What BCS do you want in a hill ewe at mid pregnancy and weaning?

2-2.5

What are the main differential diagnoses for ill thrift in sheep?

inadequate nutrition, parasites, infectious diseases, scrapie

If you have an individual with ill thrift what are your main differential diagnoses?

chronic pneumonia, arthritis, CLA, endocarditis, scrapie

If you have a small groups with ill thrift what are your main differential diagnoses?

poor dentition, johne’s disease, OPA, MV, PGE, Footrot/CODD, lack of feed space

If you have an large groups with ill thrift what are your main differential diagnoses?

inadequate nutrition, liver fluke, haemonchosis, sheep scab

What are the clinical signs of psoroptes ovis?

prurtius, severe alopecia, and considerable weight loss

How do you diagnose psoroptes ovis?

skin scraping and serology ELISA

How does psoroptes ovis spread?

direct contact

What disease does this image indicate? IMAGE

Psoroptes ovis

What is the causative agent of OPA?

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, contagious lung tumor

What is the incubation period of OPA?

3-4 years

What are the clinical signs in OPA?

initial weight loss and exercise intolerance, tachypnea, nasal discharge, harsh lung sounds

What diagnostic tools do you use to diagnose OPA?

Wheelbarrow test, ultrasound

PM for confirmation

What is the causative agent of CLA?

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

What lesion is associated with the superficial form of CLA?

abscessation of superficial lymph nodes

What lesion is associated with the visceral form of CLA?

can cause ill thrift

How do you diagnose of CLA?

isolation of organism from abscesses or serology

What is the causative agent of Maedi Visna?

maedi visna virus

What are the 4 syndromes of Maedi Visna?

interstitial pneumonia, indurative mastitis, neurological, polyarthritis

What is the incubation period of Maedi visna?

clinical disease rare in animals < 3 years old

What are the clinical signs of Maedi visna?

weight loss, exercise intolerance, progressive tachypnea/dyspnea

How do you diagnose Maedi Visna?

serology ELISA

What do you see PM if its Maedi Visna?

firm, rubber, heavy lungs

What are the different types of Scrapie?

Classical (infectious, genetic predisposition) and Atypical

What diseases can blood serology diagnose?

sheep scab, johnes, MV, OPA, CLA, liver fluke (lambs)

What diseases can fecal samples diagnose?

liver fluke, PGE and Johnes

What diseases can biochemistry tests diagnose?

Globulins: I inflammation

Albumin: loss: Johnes, PGE, amyloidosis, (liver fluke)

Liver function: GLDH, GGT

Kidney function: Urea, creatinine