Crime, Victimization, and Public Health - 323 - Creighton University - Meyer - Test One

The social ecological model calls attention to the diversity of causes and potential sites for prevention activities. Similar to the causal chain, which arrays events in temporal sequence, the circles of influence model array causes according to their social proximity to targeted individuals. Of the following potential answers, which answer correctly identifies the four level of the ecological model?

Individual, Relationship, Community, and Societal

The ______________ level of the ecological model addresses biological and personal characteristics (e.g., gender, age, history of aggression) that may influence injury-related behaviors. This level of interventions are directed specifically toward members of the target group themselves. They often are designed to affect an individual's social and cognitive skillsand behavioral practices. Examplesinclude classroom training or mentoring.

Individual

The _____________ level addresses the influence that close interpersonal relationships such as those with family members, peers, caregivers, and intimate partners have on the occurrence of violence and its prevention. This level of interventions might be designed, for example, to improve parenting practices or to modify the nature of peer group interactions.

relationship

The ________________ -level focuses on the characteristics or settings within communities (e.g., neighborhoods, schools, churches, and workplaces) thatmay create conditions that increase or decrease the risk of violence and with which the target group has frequent contact. This level of interventions are designed to improve the attitudes, training skills, and interpersonal skills of those who work in those settings and to modify the climate of the settings themselves.

community

The _________________ -level encompasses the influence of broad cultural, social, and economic factors on the risk of violence and its prevention. This level of interventions are directed at characteristics of the general society, such as economic opportunity, firearm availability, or media exposure. Such interventions generally involve the concerted efforts of multiple groups to educate both the general population and policymakers about the necessityfor change.

societal

"An unlawful attack by one person upon another" is the definition of what crime?

assault offenses

Quaternary victims is another term for primary victims. True/false

false

Rape is the most reported of all crimes.

false

Which of the answers is defined as "Those family, friends, and even co-workers who are impacted by the crime?"

secondary victim

Which of the answers is defined as "Those who respond to victims of crime including law enforcement, EMT (emergency medical technicians), doctors, nurses, SAFE (Sexual Assault Forensic Examiners), and even crime victim counselors and hotline operators?"

tertiary victim

Which of the following crimes is defined as "The taking, or attempting to take, anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and/ or by putting the victim in fear of immediate harm."

robbery

Breaking and entering is another term for ________________.

burglary

Which of the following answers can be best described as "applied to those criminal homicides in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator in the crime. The role of the victim is characterized by his having been the first in the homicide drama to use physical force directed against his subsequent slayer. ...the first to show and use a deadly weapon, to strike a blow in an altercation..."

Victim precipitated homicide

Which of the following crimes has the definition of "To unlawfully and intentionally damage, or attempt to damage, any real or personal property by fire or incendiary device."

arson

Which of the following offenses is defined as "Any sexual act directed against another person, without consent of the victim including instances where the victim is incapable of giving consent."

sex offenses, forcible

Of the following answers, which is the best definition of Crime?

an action or law that breaches criminal behavior and is open for punishment

what is a misdemeanor?

a less serious crime

if someone gets drunk in public, which term best describes that situation?

mala prohibita

which of the following answers is defined as, "crimes that are prohibited by statute but the acts are not inherently evil"

mala prohibita

which of the following answers is the best example of mala in se crime?

theft

at the federal level, which of the following answers is not a guaranteed right for victims?

the right to have a victim advocate present at each level of the investigative and court proceedings

what landmark case overturned several other cases and made it possible for victims to share a victim impact statement at sentencing?

payne vs tennessee

of the following answers, which of these defines an action that goes against the norms of society but is not a crime becaus it has not broken a law?

deviance

in the 1991 decision of payne vs tennessee, the supreme court allowed victim impact statements at sentencing. In addition to this right, the Supreme Court also allowed all of the following victim rights except for which of the following?

the right for legal representation at civil hearings/trials

beginning in the 1990s, a new approach to the victim-offender interaction known as __________started to develop as an alternative to incarceration, in addition to confinement, as a way to help victims heal.

restorative justice

What does the expression "There's safety in numbers" mean as it applies to victimology?

potential victims who are part of a group of two or more are less likely to become crime victims.

When someone looks to society for the reasons for a crime and someone's victimization, it is referred to as ...

system blaming

_________________ states that if something bad happens, the person it happened to had to have done something to cause it.

the just world hypothesis

____________________ is when someone claims to have been a victim but it never happened. For example, someone wants to collect insurance money so they claim an antique vase was stolen, but they really are hiding it.

false victimization

Another approach to victimology whereby practitioners go into the field, studying specific crime scenes and presenting their findings in court, is known as ...

forensic victimology

Situational victimization is also known as environmental criminology. true/false

true

Routine Activity Theory states that differences in victimization rates can be explained by the differences in the exposure to crime based on such demographics as age, gender, even occupation.

false

Working a late night shift without nearby security puts someone at greater risk of becoming a crime victim, is an example of Lifestyle Exposure Theory.

true

sutherland's lifestyle exposure theory has nine postulates that state criminal behavior is learned

false

Which of the following theories holds that there are three factors/assumptions that need to coincide for a crime to occur: 1) a motivated offender 2) a suitable target; and 3) the absence of capable guardians?

routine activity theory

___________ is the actual number of victims.

raw number

_______________ separates crimes into the three categories of crimes against persons, crimes against property, and crimes against society.

national incident based reporting system

NIBRS utilizes the hierarchy rule.

false

NCVS does report on murder or crimes that occur at businesses.

false

______________ is when a respondent (interviewee) fails to share about a victimization because he/she has forgotten about it (or blocks it out).

memory decay

_______________ data is based on interviews, observations, participant observation, and case studies.

qualitative

NCVS includes unreported as well as reported crimes

true

Arrest rate is the percentage of reported offenses for a specific crime that are cleared by the arrest of a suspect.

false

Forward projecting is when the victimization actually happened earlier then the time period under study, but the interviewee wants to include it anyway.

false

___________________________ refers to the percentage of the reported offenses for a specific crime that is cleared by an arrest of a suspect.

clearance rate