Public speaking midterm study guide

Communication apprehenstion

-fear/anxiety tied to real, anticipated communication

Causes of communication apprehension

Vulnerability, past negative experiences, lack of experience, tech/social media avoidance, genetics.

When does apprehension peak?

Right before a speech (anticipatory anxiety), builds as you become more aware you are being watched

Reduction methods of communication apprehension

positive self talk “i” statements, cognitive restructuring (not about you but the message), through preparation and practice, positive imagined interactions

Three stages of audience analysis

Gathering info, interpreting info, adapting/incorporating info (before and after speech)

Demographics

observable traits (age, gender, and ethnicity)

Psychographics

Internal traits (beliefs, values, and attributes)

Positionality

Speakers own social position/perspective

Adaption strategies

-Gender neutral language

-eye contact

-vocal variety

-gestures

-adjusting to physical setting

Commonground

finding genuine overlap

Pandering

Only telling audience what they want to hear, sacrificing your own perspective/ethics

Rate for wpm

target ~150 to 170 wpm

Articulation

Clarity of words (let me “axe” you a question is still clear)

Pitch

high/ low of voice

Inflection

variation in pitch for meaning/emotion

Meandering

aimess lower body movement

fidgeting

aimless upper body movement

darting

aimless eye movement

no eye contact

glued to notes

manuscript

word for word

recited

no script

impromptu

no preparation

extamporous

perpared/rehearsed, but de;ivered frpm cue cards, not fully scripted

voice image

your own perception of how your voice sounds which shapes your confidence in delivery

Mainpoint qualties 4 are

Discreteness, Coherence, Parallelsim, Succinctness

Discrettness

no overlap between points

Coherence

audience can see how points connect

Parallelism

similar wording/ structure across points

Succinctness

concise, instantly graspable

Transitions

goal is to signal movement from one idea to the next and show the logical link, watch for correcting/ identifying weak transitions

Presentation outline

Skeletal notecard version of full prep outline, used for delivery support

Coordinate

equal rank ideas

subordinate

supporting idea nested under a main point

Organizational patterns

chronological, spatial, topical, casual, problem-solution

Chronological

time/sequence

Spatial

(location/parts)

Topical

Categories

Casual

Cause and effect

Problem then solution

no duh

intro functions

gain attention, motivate interest, remove resistance, establish topic/thesis, preview of maintpoints

Five components

-Attention getter, relevance statement, credibility statement, thesis statement, and preview of mainpoints

Thesis statement

One sentence summarizing the speech whole argument/scope (acts as a blueprint)

Ethos

Speakers character/credibility

Pathos

emotional appeal

Logos

reasoning/content-based appeal

Conclusion functions

Summary( review of thesis and mainpoints) and closure (verbal or non verbal signals that a speech is ending)

Specific purpose statements

Should name one clear strategy- define, describe, or explain

Facts

documented known occurrences (building block)

Information

facts put into motion/communicated meaningfully to audience

Oral citations

Source credentials names, publication date, and what the source says

Relevance statments

Connect the topic directly to audiences lives/interests. Important to establish relevancy to audience

oral citation

set up, execution, anaylsis

tone