ANS 313 - Exam 1

6 major nutrients

Water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, and vitamins

Is water absolutely required?

Yes

Are carbohydrates absolutely required?

No, it can be replaced by protein and fats

Are proteins absolutely required?

10 out of the 20 amino acids are

Are fats absolutely required?

2 fatty acids are

Are minerals absolutely required?

At least 18 minerals are

Are vitamins absolutely required?

3 to16 vitamins are

What are the goals thoughtfully feeding animals?

To maximize health and production, minimize feed costs, maximize profit, and to practice good stewardship

How can nutrition promote maximum health and production?

By enabling animals to reach their full genetic potential

What is important for maximizing profit?

Balancing reaching goals for maximum productivity/health and minimizing feed costs

What does it means to practice good stewardship?

To take care of the world for future generations, others, and any greater powers you believe in

What are qualities of good stewardship?

To be environmentally friendly and limiting environmental impacts, to make efficient use of resources, generate a quality product and practice good animal husbandry

How does eating animal products allow us to efficiently use the earth’s resources?

Animals allow us to produce more nutrients from an acre of land than plant agriculture alone because they can utilize marginal lands and byproduct feeds

What is nutrition?

The series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food

Why do animals take in food?

To promote growth, synthesize products, replace worn and injured tissue, and perform metabolic work for homeostasis

The complex physical and chemical processes involved in the maintenance of life - includes everything that happens during digestion and absorption

Metabolism

Series of reactions to synthesize new compounds that include structural, functional or storage compoungs

Anabolic pathways

Series of reactions that break compounds into smaller compounds to generate energy for metabolism and remove waste

Catabolic pathways

Pathways that link anabolic and catabolic pathways

Amphibolic pathways

What nutrients are needed for protein synthesis?

Amino acids

What nutrients are needed for fat synthesis?

Fatty acids, glucose and acetate

What nutrients are needed for metabolic work?

Glucose, acetate, and fatty acid

What are the two components of dry matter?

Inorganic matter or ash and organic matter

What are the components of organic matter?

Nitrogenous, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and miscellaneous (lignin, organic acids, hormones, toxins, pigments)

What carbohydrates, nitrogenous compounds, and lipids are present in the cytoplasmic/membrane portion of plant cells?

Sugars, starches, amino acids, peptides, enzymes, NPN, fats, oils, glycolipids, and pigments

What carbohydrates, nitrogenous compounds, and lipids are present in the cell wall portion of plant cells?

Pectins, gums, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, proteins complexed with ligin, and wax

How digestible is the cytoplasmic/membrane portion of plant cells?

Very digestible

How digestible is the cell wall portion of plant cells?

The cellulose and hemicellulose has low digestibility and lignin, protein-lignin complexes and wax is indigestible

What are the more digestible portions of plants and why?

Leaves, roots and seeds because they have very little cell wall

What happens to digestability as the plant matures and why?

It becomes less digestibility because the amount of cell wall increases compared to cellular contents and lignin is deposited throughout the cell wall

What are other factors besides nutrient composition in feed that determines digestibility?

Grinding, cooking with moist heat, intake relative to body weight, and other feeds present

What is total digestible nutrients (TDN)?

It a description of the energy values of feeds that is used to compare feeds in energy content

What is the equation for TDN?

Digestible CP + digestible CF + digestible NFE + (digestible EE x 2.25)

Measurement of the amount of heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions

Calorimetry

What is the gross energy value?

The amount of heat produced from complete oxidation of a feed - chemical or combustable energy

How is the amount of cell wall related to energy content?

It is inversly related

What is the best measure of cell wall carbohydrates?

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

How do you measure starch?

Directly

How do you measure lipids?

With organic solvent

How do you get percent crude protein from percent nitrogen?

By multiplying it by 6.25

Who is the father of nutrition and biochemistry?

Lavoisier

What are the steps of the scientific method?

State the problem → research the problem → form a hypothesis → test the hypothesis → draw conclusions from the data

Why is it important to understand nutrition?

To help our animals meet our goals in a sustainable way and at a reasonable cost

A chemical compound in food that is useful as an energy source, building block, or part of a metabolic pathway

Nutrient

Food, feed or feedstuff

Edible material that supplies nutrient

Mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients

Diet

Daily allotment of food

Ration

The processes by which foodstuff is broken down into absorbable units

Digestion

The process by which an organisms takes up O2 and releases CO2

Respiration

Organic compound produced during metabolism

Metabolite

What determines the major metabolites each cell needs?

The cell’s function and the animal’s species and physiological state

What nutrients are required for bone growth?

Calcium, phosphorus, and amino acids

What are the major metabolic fuels to support growth?

Glucose, acetate, and fatty acids, depending on the diet

What are the major building blocks of adipose tissue?

Glucose and fatty acids in monogastrics and acetate, ketones, fatty acids, and glucose in ruminants

What are the major metabolic fuels of adipose tissue accretion?

Glucose and acetate

What are the metoblites need for conceptus growth?

Amino acids, calcium, phosphorus, acetate, glucose, and fatty acids

What are the building blocks of milk production and what do they make?

Amino acids for protein, glucose for lactose, and fatty acids, acetate, and glucose to make fats

What are the major metabolic fuels of milk production?

Glucose and acetate depending on the species and diet

What compounds are necessary for metabolic work to maintain homostasis?

Primarily animals use what is available so primary fuel sources depend on diet but glucose and fatty acids are primarily used by monogastrics and acetate, ketones, fatty acids and glucose are often used by ruminants

Why are amino acids necessary for metabolic work and homostatsis?

To replace degraded proteins

True or false: sugar, starch and protein have approximately the same usable energy

True

What does NPN stand for?

Nonprotein nitrogen

What does EE stand for?

Ether extract

What does NDF stand for?

Neutral detergent fiber

What does NFC stand for?

Nonfiber carbohydrate

What does NFE stand for?

Nitrogen-free extract

How is percent dry matter calculated

%DM = 100 - % moisture

Energy to increase temperature of 1.0 g of water from 14.5 to 15.5 degrees celcuis

calorie

What is 1 kcal equal to?

1 Calorie or 1000 calories

Which species is digestible energy usually used for?

Horses

Which species is metabolizable energy usually used for?

Poultry and swine

Which species is net energy usually used for?

Dairy and feedlot cattle

What is the basic ME values of fat?

9

What is the basic ME values of carbohydrates?

4

What is the basic ME values of proteins?

4

What is another measure of fiber besides ADF?

Acid detergent fiber

How do you measure fiber in feed?

Treat feed with a natural detergent, anything left is NDF → treat with an acid detergent, anything not soluble is ADF → treat with sulfuric acid, anything left is lignin or ash → heat in a 600 degree oven, anything remaining is ash

Calculation for starches and sugars?

NFC = 100 - NDF - CP - EE - ash

True or false: Crude protein only includes true protein

False, it also contains NPN components

What is the amino acid analyses method to determine CP?

Feed is hydrolyzed in strong acid, heat, and pressure and then further processed and analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography

For what species is amino acid analyses primarily used to evaluate feed?

Swine and poultry

What does acid-detergent insoluble N tell us?

How much CP in a feed is bound in cell walls or complexed with sugars and is hence less digestible

What is protein degradability used for?

Primarily used in dairy cattle to estimate how much of the CP in a feed will be degraded in the ruman and how much will be digested in the small intestine

How are mineral identifies determined in food?

Atomic absorption and emission spectrophotometry after the minerals are isolated from the rest of the feed

How is the identities of vitamins usually determined?

With high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassays

In what types of feedstuff does DM vary most?

Silages and some biproducts

What about protein varies most between batches of feedstuff? What mostly stays consistent?

CP varies while amino acid composition largely remains the same

In what types of feedstuff does fiber vary most?

Forages

In what types of feedstuff does energy vary most?

Forages

Why do we test feeds instead of always relying on the “book values”?

Nutrient varience

What are the most important considerations for if a feed should or should not be analyzed for nutrient composition?

What is the potential for profit and how long will the results take to get back?

For which feedstuff are book values usually okay for?

Grains and supplements

A method of feed analysis that uses acids, alkali, enzymes, detergents, heat, and solvents, according to standard methods approved and published by the Association of Offiical Analytical Chemists

Wet chemistry

A method feed analysis that shines infrared light on a ground feed sample and a computer measures the wavelengths and spectrum of reflected light and compares it to the spectrum of several standards

Near-infared reflectance

What are advantages of wet chemistry for feed analysis?

It can analyze any type of sample, its generally fairly accurate, it’s great at analyzing fiber and CP, it’s good for energy, minerals and vitamins and it’s okay at protein degradability and amino acid composition

What are some disadvantages of wet chemistry?

It takes 3-5 days and can be very expensive, especially when looking at vitamins and amino acid composition

What are some advantages of near-infrared reflectance feed analysis?

It only takes a day and is cheaper, it’s okay for estimating fiber, energy and CP but only in pure samples

What are some disadvantages of near-infrared reflectance feed analysis?

It can only be used on pure samples and is poor at estimating minerals and vitamins

Why do we measure CP by multiply nitrogen by 6.25?

The typical protein is 16% nitrogen

How is energy content measured?

Indirectly by considering the amount of available protein, NFC, fat, NDF, and lignin