Ap world 2.1-2.4 vocab (copy) (copy)

Silk Road Trade

The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations including Europe; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.

Kashgar

Also known as Kashi, a central trading point at which the western and the eastern Silk Road met; It is one of the westernmost cities of China, near the border with modern day Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan.

caravanserai

an inn with a central courtyard for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa.

Trans-Saharan Trade

Major trade route across the Sahara dDesert. Tradedthat traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

caravans

A group of travelers carrying goods, by camel, along the Silk Road

Mali Empire

From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.

Indian Ocean Trading Network

The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops.

Swahili Coast / Swahili City States

Home to a number of important and independent trading cities, that traded with China, India, Arabia, and Persia along the Indian Ocean Trade Network

compass

Chinese invention adapted for navigation by the Song Dynasty in the 11th century

astrolabe

A new means to calculate latitude, using the height of the pole star and the sun, helping to situate traders within their environments

monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter

pastoralists

A mobile society that depended heavily on their herds of domesticated animals for survival

Chinggis Khan (Temujin) / Genghis Khan

The founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Mongols (Mongol Empire)

A pastoralist society of people who lived in Mongol and conquered much of the land in Eurasia; created the largest contiguous land-based empire

Mongol Khanates

An area or territory of political control by a Mongol king

Karakorum

The capital of the Mongol Empire between 1235 and 1260

Kublai Khan

The fifth king of the Mongol Empire. He also founded the Mongol dynasty in China, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death.. Was the grandson of Genghis Khan.

Pax Mongolica

The period of approximately 150 years of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire.

kamikaze (divine winds)

The word created by the Japanese meaning "divine wind" which was a typhoon that saved Japan from a Mongol invasion.

Yuan Dynasty

The empire or ruling dynasty of China established by the Mongols; followed the Song dynasty.

pathogens

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

Bills of Exchange

a written order to a person requiring the person to make a specified payment to the signatory or to a named payee; a promissory note.

Banking Houses

These European banks developed during the Middle Ages to aid trade. Along with innovations such as bills of exchange, or bank drafts, and credit, the rise of banking houses supported the development of interregional trade in luxury goods.

paper money

legal currency issued on paper; it developed in China as a convenient alternative to metal coins

Mongols Technology/Innovation

Transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to Western Europe, transfer of numbering systems to Europe, adoption of Uyghur Script

Diasporic communities

merchant communities in and around the Indian Ocean that introduced their own cultures into other areas (e.g. Arab and Persian communities in East Asia, Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia)

Camel Saddle

An invention which gives camel riders more stability on the animal and its invention and basic idea traveled along the Trans-Saharan Caravan Trade Route. Invented somewhere between 500 and 100 BCE by Bedouin tribes.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Calicut

Great spice port of India where da Gama landed and traded

Spice Islands

Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg

Melaka / Malacca

The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, a port kingdom on the southwestern coast of the Malay Peninsula; facilitated trade and grew powerful due to its relationship with China, sea nomads and charging taxes on transporting ships through the Strait of Malacca

Zheng He

(1371-1433?) Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast of Africa before his death.

Sahara Desert

the largest desert in the world, covering most of northern Africa

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

luxury goods

goods that have special qualities that make them more expensive than alternative goods (e.g. silk, porcelain)

commerce

the buying and selling of goods and services

Samarkand

Samarkand was a major trading city along the Silk Road. Today, city in modern day Uzbekistan known for its mosques and mausoleums.

flying cash

system of credit where merchants in China deposited money at one location and withdrawal at another

Gobi Desert

A high desert in China and Mongolia.

il-Khanate of Persia

Middle East (Persia), 13th century; Subordinate khanate established in Persia after the death of Chinggis Khan; Mongol conquest of Persia devastated population; Hulegu reported massacre of 200,000 during conquest of Baghdad; Compared to China, Mongol rule in Persia saw more assimilation; Conversion to Islam; Adopting of Persian bureaucratic systems

Golden Horde Khanate (Russia)

Under Batu Khan; did NOT occupy Russia; collected tribute, Mid 15th century Muscovite Russia free from Mongol control. 1237-1480; longest lasting Mongol Khanate

Uyghur alphabet/script

one of Genghis Khan's attempts to unify his empire included directing a scribe to adapt the Uyghur alphabet to represent Mongol - alphabet still used in Mongolia

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

lateen sails

innovation in shipbuilding that allowed ships mobile enough to sail against the wind and engage in warfare and large enough to mount heavy cannons and carry goods

Stern Rudder

a small piece of wood in the back so that you can steer a large vessel more effectively.

Swahili (language)

the Arabic language and Bantu language mixed together to from this type of language; syncretic culture example

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture. His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Songhai Kingdom

Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years; wealthy trade powerhouse in West Africa

Urdu (language)

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s; syncretic culture example