Family-Centered Pediatric Care & Procedures: Stressors, Interventions, and Conditions

What is family-centered care?

A philosophy that recognizes the family as the child's primary source of strength and support.

What are the core concepts of family-centered care?

Respect and dignity, information sharing, family participation, collaboration.

What is a key principle of family-centered care?

Parents are experts on their child, and family strengths are recognized.

What are the three major stressors of hospitalization for children?

Separation, loss of control, and bodily injury and pain.

Which age groups are most affected by separation during hospitalization?

Infants, toddlers, and preschoolers.

What does loss of control during hospitalization entail for a child?

Loss of independence, autonomy, choices, and privacy.

What are examples of bodily injury and pain that children may experience in the hospital?

Injections, surgery, blood draws, IV placement, diagnostic procedures.

What are the stages of separation anxiety?

Protest, despair, and detachment.

What characterizes the protest stage of separation anxiety?

Crying, screaming, searching for parents, and refusing others.

What are the effects of hospitalization on infants?

Crying, irritability, sleep disturbances, and developmental regression.

What are common reactions of toddlers to hospitalization?

Temper tantrums, regression, and refusal to cooperate.

What primary stressor do preschoolers face during hospitalization?

Bodily injury.

What is a common fear of preschoolers regarding their health?

They may believe illness is punishment or that blood will leak out.

What concerns do school-age children have during hospitalization?

Missing school, falling behind, and losing friends.

What primary stressors do adolescents face during hospitalization?

Loss of identity, body image changes, loss of privacy, and loss of peer interaction.

What are common parental reactions to a child's hospitalization?

Fear, guilt, anger, and helplessness.

What feelings might siblings experience when a child is hospitalized?

Jealousy, anger, and fear of illness being contagious.

How can caregivers minimize a child's loss of control during hospitalization?

By giving choices, encouraging independence, and preserving routines.

What are some fears children have regarding bodily injury?

Needles, surgery, anesthesia, and medical equipment.

What language should be avoided when discussing medical procedures with children?

Terms like 'shot', 'cut', 'stab', and 'this won't hurt'.

What is therapeutic play?

Play intentionally used to teach, decrease anxiety, and promote coping.

What is the benefit of medical play for children?

It provides familiarity, mastery, and reduces anxiety.

What is expressive play and its purpose?

Activities like drawing and storytelling that help identify fears.

What is the role of Certified Child Life Specialists (CCLS)?

To support children and families in healthcare settings through preparation, support, and education.

What are the key responsibilities of a Child Life Specialist?

Procedural preparation, procedural support, and family support.

What does procedural preparation include?

Teaching what happens, why it happens, and how to cope.

What types of support do Child Life Specialists provide during procedures?

Distraction, relaxation, breathing techniques, and therapeutic play.

What are some effects of isolation in healthcare environments?

Loneliness, boredom, and anxiety.

What interventions can help mitigate the effects of isolation?

Tablet communication, activities, and child-life visits.

What are common effects of being in an Emergency Department?

Sensory overload, loss of control, and fear.

What interventions can help children in the Emergency Department?

Quick explanations, parent presence, and child-life support.

What are the effects of being in an ICU?

Fear, sleep disruption, and family stress.

What equipment is commonly seen in an ICU?

Ventilator, monitors, and infusion pumps.

Why is preparation for procedures important?

It reduces anxiety, distress, and misconceptions while increasing cooperation, trust, and coping.

When should preparation for procedures occur for infants?

Immediately before the procedure.

What is the recommended timing for procedural preparation for toddlers?

30 minutes before the procedure.

What should procedural preparation include regarding sensory experiences?

What they will see, hear, and feel during the procedure.

What is compliance in a healthcare context?

Following healthcare recommendations.

What is the most important practice for preventing infection?

Hand hygiene using soap and water or alcohol sanitizer.

What are examples of contact isolation precautions?

MRSA and C. difficile, requiring gloves and gowns.

What is the purpose of restraints in pediatric care?

To protect the patient and the treatment.

What is the preferred position for a lumbar puncture?

Side lying with knees to chest and chin tucked.

What is the best position for venipuncture?

On a parent's lap or in a comfort hold.

What are the common routes for medication administration?

Enteral (oral, NG, G-tube) and parenteral (IV, IM, subcutaneous, intradermal).

What is the preferred site for intramuscular injections in infants?

Vastus lateralis.

What is a PICC line used for?

Long-term therapy, inserted through the basilic or cephalic vein, terminating in the superior vena cava.

What is TPN and why is it administered through a central line?

Total Parenteral Nutrition, administered through a central line due to its hypertonic nature.

What are the early signs of an asthma attack?

Coughing, wheezing, tachypnea, and chest tightness.

What medication is considered a rescue drug for asthma?

Albuterol, which relaxes bronchial smooth muscle.

What is the gold-standard diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis?

Sweat chloride test, which shows elevated chloride levels.

What are the characteristics of stools in cystic fibrosis?

Steatorrhea: bulky, greasy, and foul-smelling.

What is the purpose of chest physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis?

To loosen secretions.