Module 2- KIN 150

trait

relatively stable thoughts, behaviours, and feelings across time and situations; relatively permanent aspects of a person’s personality

state

temporary emotional experiences and behaviour that can change depending on situation and time

trait vs state

traits have a small bandwidth/potential for change (eg. introvert/extravert, perfectionism), while states have a large bandwidth potential for change (eg. physical skills, stress management)

is there a “sport personality"?

very little/weak evidence that personality predicts performance in sport, athletes and non-athletes, and type of sport people select

extraversion

how outgoing, enegetic, and social a person is; high risk short partcipants

neuroticism

how often someone feels negative emotions, anxiety, and emotional instability

telic dominance

serious minded, highly goal oriented, avoid excessive “excitement”

perfectionistic strivings

self-oriented; very high personal performance standards and strives to be perfect

perfectionistic concerns

social element; concerns over mistakes and doubts about actions and scared of judgement from others

pure PSP in 2×2 mode

high standards for yourself, and no negative thoughts from others

mixed perfectionism in 2×2 model

high standards for yourself and from others; constantly worried about outcome

non-perfectionism in 2×2 model

doesn’t set excessively high standards for themself, with lower self-criticism and and less pressure to be flawless

pure ECP in 2×2 model

fear of mistakes, criticism, and a sense that others demand perfection from them; driven by fear; defines success in terms of outperforming others and external recognition

X axis on 2×2 graph

evaluative concerns; worries about mistakes, fear of negative judgment, and feelings of pressure to be perfect

Y axis on 2×2 graph

personal standards; wanting to achieve excellence and high standards for yourself

perfectionistic concerns

social element (reflection to others), excessive self-criticism, concerns over mistakes, and doubts about actions

harmonious passion

engaging in an activity as part of one’s activity or for the pleasure of the activity; pursue goals/passions in harmony with rest of the person’s life

obsessive passion

rigid and uncontrolled engagement in an activity due to external control or feelings of guilt; often conflict with other aspects of a person’s life

harmonious passion is related to

experiences of flow, positive emotions, higher well-being, etc

obsessive passion is related to

poorer well-being, negative emotions, overexercising, burnout, etc

mental toughness

someone’s ability to cope with pressure, rebound from failure, persist in the face of adversity, and attain personal goals

4c model

a model of mental toughness:

• perceive a sense of Control

• appraise the situation as a Challenge

• maintain Commitment to the pursuit

• have Confidence in themselves

ethical considerations of measuring personality

• informed consent is mandatory

• must NOT breach confidentiality

• must NOT be used for player selection purposes

• can potentially be used by qualified professionals to help them better understand a client

sensitivity to punishment

reactivity to intense, novel stimuli

what is The Big 5 model

a model that proposes personality can be captured using 5, independent traits

what does OCEAN stand for in The Big 5 model

• Openness (imagination, feelings, actions, ideas)

• Conscientiousness (competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness)

• Extraversion (sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression)

• Agreeableness (cooperative, trustworthiness, good-natured)

• Neuroticism (tendency towards unstable, negative emotions)

perfectionistic reactivity

the negative emotional and behavioural responses that occur when a perfectionist’s extremely high standards or expectations are not met

4 major interrelated themes with mental toughness (4P model in textbook)

• perseverance: the will to deal with sport-challenges like injury

• presence: ability to control attention and refocus

• perspective: shifts from result-based mindset to development-based mindset

• preparation: quality physical and psychological training

alexithymia

the inability to identify one’s emotions and to describe these feelings; more common in high-risk sport participants

what makes up multidimensional achievement orientation

competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation

relationship between personality and exercise

Type A personality: exercise could be a natural behaviour to satisfy the hard-driving, competitive, and constantly moving

Type D personality: low extraversion and high neuroticism, participate in less physical activity

disposition

a broad way of relating to particular types of people or situations

competitiveness

desire to engage and strive for success; how motivated one is toward achievement

perfectionism paradox

a paradox that says athletes who are perfectionists are more vulnerable to unhealthy, self-defeating outcomes